“…To solve the underdetermined problem, regularization terms are needed, such as the smoothness constraint, the integrability constraint, the gradient constraint, the unit normal constraint and so on [6]. For previous studies in photoclinometry, some methods [21,28] get p and q first, then acquire z by integrating p and q, while other methods [8,20,29] include z in the optimization scheme and solve for z directly. We prefer the second choice since it avoids the accumulation of errors and is more concise in the formulation.…”