Future changes in the trading of virtual water

Graham, Neal; Hejazi, Mohamad; Kim, Son H.; Davies, Evan; Edmonds, James A.; Miralles‐Wilhelm, Fernando

doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17400-4

Cited by 83 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…where represents the VW flux traded from country i to country j, and is the weighted flux. This weighting methodology has been utilized by Lenzen et al [12] who, however, apply only the physical water scarcity weight, while we apply the composite water scarcity weight that includes also economic water scarcity.…”

Section: Single Fluxes Of Scarcity-weighted Virtual Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the first one, authors address the question on whether VW trade compensates or not for lack of available resources (including water and land) for food production in given countries or areas [8,9,10]. Many scholars find evidence that VW trade alleviates pressure on several water stressed regions, which are allowed to import and consume food that has been produced in other world regions where water is more abundant [12,16,50,51,52,53]. On the other hand, other authors identify some paradoxes since some water-scarce countries or areas actually are net VW exporters, and vice versa [13,14,54,55,56].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, only physical water availability is typically considered in both viewpoints when the water endowment of a country is assessed, i.e. its 'starting line' in the scene of international virtual water trade [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trade of Economically and Physically Scarce Virtual Water

Vallino¹,

Ridolfi²,

Laio³

2021

Preprint

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The virtual water (VW) trade associated to food is composed by the quantity of water utilized for the production of the crops exchanged on the global market. In assessing a country’s water abundance or scarcity when entering the international VW trade, scholars consider only physical water availability, neglecting economic water scarcity, that indicates situations in which socio-economic obstacles impede the productive use of water. We weight the global VW trade associated to primary crops with a newly proposed composite water scarcity index (CWSI) that combines physical and economic water scarcity. Almost half of VW volumes is exported from countries with a higher CWSI than the one of the destination country. Such unfair routes occur both from low- to high-income countries and among low- and middle-income countries themselves. High-income countries have a predominant role in import of CWSI-weighted VW, while low- and middle-income countries dominate among the largest CWSI-weighted VW exporters. For many of them economic water scarcity dominates over physical scarcity. The application of the CWSI elicits also a status change from net exporter to net importer for some wealthy countries and viceversa for some low- and middle-income countries. The application of CWSI allows one to quantify to what extent VW exchanges flow along environmentally and economically unfair routes, and it can inform the design of compensation policies.

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Section: Single Fluxes Of Scarcity-weighted Virtual Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trade of Economically and Physically Scarce Virtual Water

Vallino¹,

Ridolfi²,

Laio³

2021

Preprint

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“…Both KSA and UAE have limited self-sufficiency in domestic production, most notably lacking in food and agriculture, with imported food products representing more than 80% of total food requirements 25 . Both the countries are classified as critically dependant on the Virtual Water Trade Network, whereby embodied water is gained through food imports 26,27 .…”

Section: Ai Sectors That Contribute Most To the Countries' Gdpmentioning

confidence: 99%

COP26 Visions for a Net Zero Future – Regional Profile for the Arabian Peninsula

Short

Molini

Santamarina

et al. 2021

Preprint

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This regional profile for the Arabian Peninsula was developed in the context of the BEIS COP26 Visions for a Net Zero Future project. It covers the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), and has been developed with the input from in- country academic experts Prof. Annalisa Molini and Mr Luiz Friedrich (Khalifa University, UAE) and Prof. Juan Carlos Santamarina (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KSA). It sets out a synthesis of the available evidence base on regional challenges and opportunities for mitigation, adaptation, and resilience measures for both KSA and UAE and the wider Arabian Peninsula associated with climate change and a global transition to an inclusive, desirable, and resilient net-zero future.

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“…However, as of today some models have been successfully used in nexus studies where also climate is considered an important system as much as energy, water and land Daher and Mohtar (2015). The most recent studies incorporating all CLEW sectors have shown that restricted bilateral perspectives (and models) omit important feedback and should therefore be updated with comprehensive methodologies Graham et al (2020); Vinca et al (2020a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate-Land-Energy-Water Nexus Models Across Scales: Progress, Gaps and Best Accessibility Practices

Vinca

Riahi

Rowe

et al. 2021

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Approaches that integrate feedback between climate, land, energy and water (CLEW) have progressed significantly in scope and complexity. The so-called nexus approaches have shown their usefulness in assessing strategies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in the contexts of increasing demands, resource scarcity, and climate change. However, most nexus analyses omit some important inter-linkages that could actually be addressed. The omissions often stem from technical and practical considerations, but also from limited dissemination of new open-source frameworks incorporating recent advances. We review and present a set of models that can meet the needs of decision makers for analysis tools capable of addressing a broad range of nexus questions. Particular attention is given to model accessibility, usability and community support. The other objective of this review is to discuss research gaps, and critical needs and opportunities for further model development from a scientific viewpoint. We explore at different scales where and why some nexus interactions are most relevant. We find that both very small scale and global models tend to neglect some CLEW interactions, but for different reasons. The former rarely include climate impacts, which are often marginal at the local level, while the latter mostly lack some aspects because of the complexity of large full CLEW systems at the global level.

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Future changes in the trading of virtual water

Cited by 83 publications

References 61 publications

Trade of Economically and Physically Scarce Virtual Water

Trade of Economically and Physically Scarce Virtual Water

COP26 Visions for a Net Zero Future – Regional Profile for the Arabian Peninsula

Climate-Land-Energy-Water Nexus Models Across Scales: Progress, Gaps and Best Accessibility Practices

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