Future Cities Carbon Emission Models: Hybrid Vehicle Emission Modelling for Low-Emission Zones

Abstract

Current emission models primarily focus on traditional combustion vehicles and may not accurately represent emissions from the increasingly diverse vehicle fleet. The growing presence of hybrid and electric vehicles requires the development of accurate emission models to measure the emissions and energy consumption of these vehicles. This issue is particularly relevant for low-emission zones within cities, where effective mobility planning relies on simulation models using continuously updated databases. This research presents a two-dimensional emission model for hybrid vehicles, employing artificial neural networks for low-emission zones. The key outcome is the methodology developed to create a CO2 emission model tailored for hybrid vehicles, which can be used to simulate various road solutions. The CO2 emission model achieved an R2 coefficient of 0.73 and an MSE of 0.91, offering valuable information for further advancements in emission modelling.

Quantifying Emissions in Vehicles Equipped with Energy-Saving Start–Stop Technology: THC and NOx Modeling Insights

“…For each cluster, three models were assessed: a neural network multilayer perceptron (MLP) model, a nonlinear regression (NLR) model, and a look-up table (LT) approach. Artificial intelligence methods have been applied to model the energy usage of electric vehicles [64][65][66]. This particular study [64] outlines the methodology used to develop a model for electric vehicle (EV) energy consumption, allowing for rapid result generation and the creation of energy maps.…”

Modelling CO2 Emissions from Vehicles Fuelled with Compressed Natural Gas Based on On-Road and Chassis Dynamometer Tests

“…However, concerning the analysis of the available literature, it is worth noting that the number of studies focussing on emissions modelling, especially using artificial intelligence methods, is increasing. There are several studies that address emissions modelling for vehicles powered by gasoline [32,33], diesel [34,35], LPG [36,37] and hybrid combinations thereof [38].…”

Modelling CO2 Emissions from Vehicles Fuelled with CNG Based on On-Road and Chassis Dynamometer Tests

“…However, concerning the analysis of the available literature, it is worth noting that the number of studies focussing on emissions modelling, especially using artificial intelligence methods, is increasing. There are several studies that address emissions modelling for vehicles powered by gasoline [30,31], diesel [32,33], LPG [34] and hybrid combinations thereof [35].…”