Future Directions in the Research on Unemployment: Protean Career Orientation and Perceived Employability Against Social Disadvantage

Integrative review on career interventions with unemployed people: Nature, outcomes, and recommendations

“…It is advisable to integrate components from the social cognitive career theory (Lent & Brown, 2013; Kennedy & Chen, 2012; Thompson et al., 2017), the Savickas' life design principles (2009) (Maree, 2022; Maree et al., 2019; Santilli et al., 2021), and Savickas' career construction theory (2005) (Littman‐Ovadia et al., 2014; Peila‐Shuster et al., 2021; Rezaei et al., 2017). References to protean career orientation (Panari & Tonelli, 2022) and to Ryan and Deci's self‐determination theory (2000) and achievement goal theory (Van Hooft & Van Mierlo, 2018) could also be considered (van Hooft et a., 2022). However, the authors emphasize the importance of adopting a contextual‐developmental perspective (i.e., dynamic conceptualization) (Santos et al., 2010).…”

“…For group interventions, it is recommended to have smaller group sizes (<30) and longer durations (beyond a day) to facilitate interaction and address participants' specific concerns (Bullock‐Yowell et al., 2014). Psychological (Vanhercke et al., 2015) and psychoeducational support (Murphey & Shillingford, 2012; Panari & Tonelli, 2022) should be integrated into career interventions. A practical component focused on goals is crucial for effective interventions, which should be planned, structured, systematic, and integrated (Behrendt, Heuer & Göritz, 2021; Sabatés, 2013; Parola & Marcionetti, 2022).…”

“…However, the analysis of the remaining articles adds some additional elements. This includes the emphasis on additional career resources, such as employability (Panari & Tonelli, 2022; Sabatés, 2013; Whelan et al., 2018), psychological capital (Taveira et al., 2023; Whelan et al., 2018), social‐emotional skills (Nieto‐Flores et al., 2019; Padilla‐Carmona et al., 2016), autonomy and commitment (Taveira et al., 2023), calling (Rosa et al., 2020), and emotional intelligence (Nieto‐Flores et al., 2019). These factors are crucial for promoting well‐being and overall life satisfaction, as well as providing additional support to face the challenges of job searching.…”

“…Unemployed individuals are always more vulnerable to suicide and to suffering from anxiety and mood disorders, regardless of the economic context (Virgolino et al., 2022; WHO, 2022). From a psychological point of view, these effects extend beyond demographic characteristics and impact dimensions such as quality of life, life satisfaction, self‐esteem, and self‐efficacy (Panari & Tonelli, 2022). From a career development point of view, unemployed individuals are seen as more likely to lose hope in the future, and lack confidence in their abilities (e.g., Parola & Marcionetti, 2022).…”

The psychological future of unemployed individuals and workers: invariance measurement model and mean differences

“…Thus, being employed is associated with important psychological resources, whereas job loss may lead to a detriment of quality of life (Taveira et al, 2017 ). For unemployment is an undesirable and uncontrolled event (Panari & Tonelli, 2022 ), it can change one’s perceptions of the future (Fidelis & Mendonça, 2021 ). Indeed, long-term unemployment produces a corrosive, pervasive, and persistent effect on individuals, increasing the difficulty in planning for the future and exploring new possible future work (Mühlhaus et al, 2021 ; Zacher, 2013 ).…”