Future Fuels for DISI Engines: A Review on Oxygenated, Liquid Biofuels

Larsson, Tara; Stenlåås, Ola; Erlandsson, Anders Christiansen

doi:10.4271/2019-01-0036

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 138 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Fouling of injectors has been shown to significantly increase PM emissions [47,48]. Finally, fuel composition can also influence the emission levels [49], notably the PM emissions are strongly correlated with the aromatics levels in the fuel [50]. A detailed discussion of these items has already been conducted before (Table 1) and is therefore not repeated here.…”

Section: Gasoline Engine Fundamentalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The particulate matter (PM) emissions of gasoline vehicles were much lower than those of diesel vehicles until the introduction of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) in the early 2000s. At the same time, gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines started to become popular in the market due to their improved efficiency over port fuel injection (PFI) ones. However, the PM mass and number emissions of GDI vehicles were higher than their PFI counterparts and diesel ones equipped with DPFs. Stringent PM mass levels and the introduction of particle number limits for GDI vehicles in the European Union (EU) resulted in significant PM reductions. The EU requirement to fulfill the proposed limits on the road resulted to the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) in EU GDI models. This review summarizes the evolution of PM mass emissions from gasoline vehicles placed in the market from early 1990s until 2019 in different parts of the world. The analysis then extends to total and nonvolatile particle number emissions. Care is given to reveal the impact of ambient temperature on emission levels. The discussion tries to provide scientific input to the following policy-relevant questions. Whether particle number limits should be extended to gasoline PFI vehicles, whether the lower limit of 23 nm for particle number measurements should be decreased to 10 nm, and whether low ambient temperature tests for PM should be included.

show abstract

Section: Gasoline Engine Fundamentalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Energy balance was calculated using Equation (10), where P was calculated using Equation (4), exhaust losses (Q exh ) were calculated using Equation (12), and combustion losses (Q comb ) were calculated using Equation ( 11) [55]. The specific heat capacity of the exhaust (c p,exh and c p,0 ) was estimated using 7-coefficient NASA polynomials for the exhaust composition, assuming a fully burned stoichiometric fuel/air mixture [57].…”

Section: Energy Balance Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a previously conducted literature review, it was established that the use of light alcohols, such as ethanol and methanol, in SI engines is well-established and has been investigated for a long time [12]. Light alcohols offers advantages compared to more complex molecules as they can be derived from a variety of process pathways and feedstocks [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Light alcohols offers advantages compared to more complex molecules as they can be derived from a variety of process pathways and feedstocks [13,14]. Longer alcohols, such as n-butanol and iso-butanol, have gained interest as a fuel alternative in recent years [12]. Butanols offer similar benefits like the lighter alcohols, but provide higher energy density [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Effect of Pure Oxygenated Biofuels on Efficiency and Emissions in a Gasoline Optimised DISI Engine

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The negative impact of transport on climate has led to incentives to increase the amount of renewable fuels used in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Oxygenated, liquid biofuels are promising alternatives, as they exhibit similar combustion behaviour to gasoline. In this article, the effect of the different biofuels on engine efficiency, combustion propagation and emissions of a gasoline-optimised direct injected spark ignited (DISI) engine were evaluated through engine experiments. The experiments were performed without any engine hardware modifications. The investigated fuels are gasoline, four alcohols (methanol, ethanol, n-butanol and iso-butanol) and one ether (MTBE). All fuels were tested at two speed sweeps at low and mid load conditions, and a spark timing sweep at low load conditions. The oxygenated biofuels exhibit increased efficiencies, even at non-knock-limited conditions. At lower loads, the oxygenated fuels decrease CO, HC and NOx emissions. However, at mid load conditions, decreased volatility of the alcohols leads to increased emissions due to fuel impingement effects. Methanol exhibited the highest efficiencies and significantly increased burn rates compared to the other fuels. Gasoline exhibited the lowest level of PN and PM emissions. N-butanol and iso-butanol show significantly increased levels of particle emissions compared to the other fuels.

show abstract

“…Similarly, water can be included in such blends; the physicochemical characteristics of such these blends was investigated [24], although, practically speaking, phase separation would become an issue with the presence of water, the light alcohols being especially prone to this when in admixture with gasoline. Other authors have discussed physicochemical, performance, and blending aspects of binary gasoline-alcohol blend fuels in detail [36][37][38][39], but while it is accepted that challenges exist in blending alcohols with gasoline (such as high vapor pressure and evaporative emissions effects aboard the vehicle, or phase separation and blend stability in the distribution system, with materials compatibility issues in both), it is the authors' belief that these are understood and by no means insurmountable, as evidenced by the amount of high-blend-rate binary mixtures of either ethanol or methanol that is or has been used around the world and the number of fully-homologated vehicles that have been sold that are capable of taking them.…”

Section: A Strategy For Introducing Methanol Into Transport Fuel By Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines: Performance, Efficiency, and Emission Effects at Mid to High Blend Rates for Ternary Mixtures

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper follows on from an earlier publication on high-blend-rate binary gasoline-alcohol mixtures and reports results for some equivalent ternary fuels from several investigation streams. In the present work, new findings are presented for high-load operation in a dedicated boosted multi-cylinder engine test facility, for operation in modified production engines, for knock performance in a single-cylinder test engine, and for exhaust particulate emissions at part load using both the prototype multi-cylinder engine and a separate single-cylinder engine. The wide variety of test engines employed have several differences, including their fuel delivery strategies. This range of engine specifications is considered beneficial with regard to the “drop-in fuel” conjecture, since the results presented here bear out the contention, already established in the literature, that when specified according to the known ternary blending rules, such fuels fundamentally perform identically to their binary equivalents in terms of engine performance, and outperform standard gasolines in terms of efficiency. However, in the present work, some differences in particulate emissions performance in direct-injection engines have been found at light load for the tested fuels, with a slight increase in particulate number observed with higher methanol contents than lower. A hypothesis is developed to explain this result but in general it was found that these fuels do not significantly affect PN emissions from such engines. As a result, this investigation supplies further evidence that renewable fuels can be introduced simply into the existing vehicle fleet, with the inherent backwards compatibility that this brings too.

show abstract

Future Fuels for DISI Engines: A Review on Oxygenated, Liquid Biofuels

Cited by 23 publications

References 138 publications

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

The Effect of Pure Oxygenated Biofuels on Efficiency and Emissions in a Gasoline Optimised DISI Engine

Alcohol Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines: Performance, Efficiency, and Emission Effects at Mid to High Blend Rates for Ternary Mixtures

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About