Future Perspective on Host–Pathogen Interactions During Bacterial Biofilm Formation within the Nasopharynx

Blanchette, Krystle A.; Orihuela, Carlos J.

doi:10.2217/fmb.11.160

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…Consequently, although useful for high throughput analysis, in vitro models may not represent the true capacity of pathogens to form biofilms in vivo [8,28,29]. Thus there is a need for standardization in biofilm testing methods which is currently lacking [8].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human plasma enhances the expression of Staphylococcal microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules promoting biofilm formation and increases antimicrobial tolerance In Vitro

et al. 2014

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BackgroundMicrobial biofilms have been associated with the development of chronic human infections and represent a clinical challenge given their increased antimicrobial tolerance. Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen causing a diverse range of diseases, of which biofilms are often involved. Staphylococcal attachment and the formation of biofilms have been shown to be facilitated by host factors that accumulate on surfaces. To better understand how host factors enhance staphylococcal biofilm formation, we evaluated the effect of whole human plasma on biofilm formation in clinical isolates of S. aureus and the expression of seven microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) known to be involved in biofilm formation by quantitative real-time PCR. We also evaluated whether plasma augmented changes in S. aureus biofilm morphology and antimicrobial resistance.ResultsExposure of clinical isolates of S. aureus to human plasma (10%) within media, and to a lesser extent when coated onto plates, significantly enhanced biofilm formation in all of the clinical isolates tested. Compared to biofilms grown under non-supplemented conditions, plasma-augmented biofilms displayed significant changes in both the biofilm phenotype and cell morphology as determined by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Exposure of bacteria to plasma resulted in a significant fold-increase in MSCRAMM expression in both a time and isolate-dependent manner. Additionally, plasma-augmented biofilms displayed an increased tolerance to vancomycin compared to biofilms grown in non-supplemented media.ConclusionsCollectively, these studies support previous findings demonstrating a role for host factors in biofilm formation and provide further insight into how plasma, a preferred growth medium for staphylococcal biofilm formation enhances as well as augments other intrinsic properties of S. aureus biofilms. Consequently, these findings indicate that incorporation of host factors may be necessary to better replicate in vivo conditions and for the best utility of a clinical biofilm assay to evaluate the process of biofilm formation and treatments.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human plasma enhances the expression of Staphylococcal microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules promoting biofilm formation and increases antimicrobial tolerance In Vitro

et al. 2014

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“…Children congregating at daycare increases the transfer of viruses, and the transmission of bacteria that may survive in a biofilm state in mucous secretions on toys and other surfaces [14]. Sibling TTP being a risk factor may reflect shared family environment including parental healthcare practices, awareness of COME, or exposure to the same pathogens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of chronic otitis media with effusion in preschool children: a case–control study

et al. 2017

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BackgroundChronic otitis media with effusion (COME) is a prevalent upper airway infection resulting in hearing loss. The aim of this research was to determine risk factors for COME in preschool children.MethodsA case–control design was conducted in Auckland, New Zealand from May 2011 until November 2013. The cases were children aged 3 and 4 years referred for tympanostomy tube placement due to a diagnosis of COME (n = 178). The controls were a random sample of healthy children aged 3 and 4 years from primary care practices (n = 209). The children’s guardians completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire that covered topics including socio-demographic information, pregnancy and birth, infant feeding practices, home environment, and respiratory health. In addition, skin prick tests for atopy were performed. Odds ratios (OR) estimating the risk of COME independently associated with the exposures were calculated using a logistic regression model.ResultsChildren with COME frequently had nasal obstruction (OR: 4.38 [95% CI: 2.37–8.28]), always snored (OR: 3.64 [95% CI: 1.51–9.15]) or often snored (OR: 2.45 [95% CI: 1.04–5.96]), spent more hours per week in daycare (OR per hour/week: 1.03 [95% CI: 1.00–1.05]), had frequent colds (OR: 2.67 [95% CI: 1.59–4.53]), had siblings who had undergone tympanostomy tube placement (OR: 2.68 [95% CI: 1.22–6.02]), underwent long labour (OR: 2.59 [95% CI: 1.03–6.79]), and had early introduction of cow’s milk (OR: 1.76 [95% CI: 1.05–2.97]). Asian ethnicity (OR: 0.20 [95% CI: 0.07–0.53]) and having older siblings (OR: 0.54 [95% CI: 0.31–0.93]) were inversely associated with COME.ConclusionCOME in preschool children was associated with pathogen exposure, respiratory infection, and nasal obstruction. Strategies to prevent pathogen transmission warrant investigation. The novel findings of long labour and early cow’s milk introduction require replication in future studies.

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“…Nonetheless, the ability to form robust biofilms could pose several advantages with respect to host colonization. Bacteria are known to form intimate associations with host epithelial tissues, and the ability to form biofilms can be critical to successful host colonization, and host specificity [46, 47]. Additionally, bacterial aggregates can shield internal members from harsh environmental conditions until more favorable conditions are encountered within a host, wherein large numbers of cells can detach and colonize [48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic parallelism during experimental adaptation of a free-living bacterium to the zebrafish gut

Lebov

Schlomann

Robinson

et al. 2020

Preprint

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31Despite the fact that animals encounter a plethora of bacterial species throughout their lives, only 32 a subset are capable of colonizing vertebrate digestive tracts, and these bacteria can profoundly 33 influence the health and development of their animal hosts. However, it is still unknown how 34 bacteria evolve symbioses with animal hosts, and this process is central to both the assembly and 35 function of gut bacterial communities. Therefore, we used experimental evolution to study a 36 free-living bacterium as it adapts to a novel vertebrate host. We serially passaged replicate 37 populations of Shewanella oneidensis, through the digestive tracts of larval zebrafish (Danio 38 rerio). After only 20 passages, representing approximately 200 bacterial generations, isolates 39 from replicate evolved populations displayed an improved ability to colonize larval zebrafish 40 digestive tracts during competition against their unpassaged ancestor. Upon sequencing the 41 genomes of these evolved isolates, we discovered that the two isolates with the highest mean 42 competitive fitness accumulated unique sets of mutations. We characterized the swimming 43 motility and aggregation behavior of these isolates, as these phenotypes have previously been 44 shown to alter host-microbe interactions. Despite exhibiting different biofilm characteristics, 45 both isolates evolved augmented swimming motility. These enhancements are consistent with 46 expectations based on the behavior of a closely related Shewanella strain previously isolated 47 Introduction: 54 Bacterial lineages have radiated into practically every imaginable niche on Earth [1, 2]. 55In particular, the vertebrate digestive tract houses bacterial communities whose composition is 56 distinct from those found in surrounding environments [3, 4], and this suggests that host-57 associated bacteria maintain certain traits that enable them to colonize animal hosts. In order to 58 establish and maintain host-association, bacteria must surmount a multitude of complex 59 challenges, including traversing diverse physical landscapes, harvesting energy from dynamic 60 nutrient sources, and protecting themselves from antimicrobial compounds. Thus, the number of 61 traits involved in host-association is likely enormous [5, 6]. Despite this complexity, previous 62 analyses indicate that novel host-microbe symbioses have arisen multiple times throughout 63 evolutionary history [7]. However, it is unknown which suites of traits enable bacteria to 64 transition to host association, or how likely they are to evolve. 65It is well established that bacteria residing in vertebrate digestive tracts have substantial 66 impacts on the health and development of their animal hosts [8][9][10][11]. Consequently, many 67 researchers have sought to understand which traits provide bacteria the capacity to colonize the 68 vertebrate gut [12][13][14][15][16][17], but this body of work has relied almost exclusively on snapshots of host-69 microbe relationships after they have evolved. Because...

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Future Perspective on Host–Pathogen Interactions During Bacterial Biofilm Formation within the Nasopharynx

Cited by 22 publications

References 114 publications

Human plasma enhances the expression of Staphylococcal microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules promoting biofilm formation and increases antimicrobial tolerance In Vitro

Human plasma enhances the expression of Staphylococcal microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules promoting biofilm formation and increases antimicrobial tolerance In Vitro

Determinants of chronic otitis media with effusion in preschool children: a case–control study

Phenotypic parallelism during experimental adaptation of a free-living bacterium to the zebrafish gut

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