Future Prospects for Scaffolding Methods and Biomaterials in Skin Tissue Engineering: A Review

Abstract

Over centuries, the field of regenerative skin tissue engineering has had several advancements to facilitate faster wound healing and thereby restoration of skin. Skin tissue regeneration is mainly based on the use of suitable scaffold matrices. There are several scaffold types, such as porous, fibrous, microsphere, hydrogel, composite and acellular, etc., with discrete advantages and disadvantages. These scaffolds are either made up of highly biocompatible natural biomaterials, such as collagen, chitosan, etc., or synthetic materials, such as polycaprolactone (PCL), and poly-ethylene-glycol (PEG), etc. Composite scaffolds, which are a combination of natural or synthetic biomaterials, are highly biocompatible with improved tensile strength for effective skin tissue regeneration. Appropriate knowledge of the properties, advantages and disadvantages of various biomaterials and scaffolds will accelerate the production of suitable scaffolds for skin tissue regeneration applications. At the same time, emphasis on some of the leading challenges in the field of skin tissue engineering, such as cell interaction with scaffolds, faster cellular proliferation/differentiation, and vascularization of engineered tissues, is inevitable. In this review, we discuss various types of scaffolding approaches and biomaterials used in the field of skin tissue engineering and more importantly their future prospects in skin tissue regeneration efforts.

Co‐Culture of Keratinocyte‐Staphylococcus aureus on Cu‐Ag‐Zn/CuO and Cu‐Ag‐W Nanoparticle Loaded Bacterial Cellulose:PMMA Bandages

“…Elasticity is one of the most important parameters for bandage like scaffolds for their practical applicability. Therefore, since direct application on the skin is aimed, bandage like scaffolds should have similar mechanical features in order to be compatible with its surroundings . Thus, this synergy can also support the compatibility in the cellular manner due to ensuring similar environmental factors since the skin is constantly in motion caused by the movements of the bearer and therefore, scaffolds designed to host cell adhesion needs to be enduring and corresponding to the motion.…”

Nanodiamond in composite: Biomedical application

“…Studies have shown that carbon-based nanomaterials are prominent due to their ease of functionalization, and a comparative study suggested that ND has better biocompatibility than any other carbon nanoparticles (Ho, Wang, & Chow, 2015;. Therefore, excellent biocompatibility, superior physicochemical property, ease of availability, bactericidal activity, and nanoscale particle size (diamond nucleus size 4-6 nm) have made ND an ideal candidate for biomedical applications (Chaudhari et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2014). One of the key properties of ND is photoluminescence originating from structural defects, atomic vacancies (NV) and surface chemistry.…”

Tissue engineering strategies combining molecular targets against inflammation and fibrosis, and umbilical cord blood stem cells to improve hampered muscle and skin regeneration following cleft repair

“…Anti‐inflammatory and antifibrotic factors and stem cells can be applied in a scaffold. Scaffolds are used as an artificial ECM, which supports cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of cells . The scaffold guides the newly formed tissue and allows ingrowth of blood vessels and nerves crucial for cell survival.…”