Future refrigerants with low global warming potential for residential air conditioning system: a thermodynamic analysis and MCDM tool optimization

Prabakaran, Rajendran; Sivalingam, Vinothkumar; Kim, Sung Chul; Kumar, P. Ganesh; Kumar, Govindasamy Praveen

doi:10.1007/s11356-022-21263-1

Cited by 18 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 38 publications

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“…Regarding environmental performance, these systems also contribute to greenhouse gas emissions because of the high GWP (Global Warming Potential) of the refrigerants used (direct emissions). In this regard, numerous studies regarding retrofit/drop-in of new low-GWP refrigerants in air conditioning or refrigeration applications have evaluated the related environmental impact change by means of COP (Coefficient Of Performance), TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impact), and/or more sophisticated ETEWI (Expanded Total Equivalent Warming Impact) analysis [30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Use of Ultrasonic Flowmeters for Cooling Energy Metering and Sub-Metering in Direct Expansion Systems

et al. 2023

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The Energy Efficiency Directive (EED, Directive 2012/27/EU) has made mandatory the installation of individual metering systems in the case of buildings with centralized heating/cooling and hot water sources (multi-apartment and multi-purpose buildings), provided it is economically and technically feasible. Individual metering of heating/cooling systems is mainly based on thermal energy meters (TEM), which are widely used for direct metering in heating applications. On the other hand, direct metering of energy consumption in cooling systems still represents a challenge, given the different types of cooling units and the lack of regulations from the technical and legal points of view. In this context, this paper briefly overviews the available centralized cooling systems and the possible solutions for metering and sub-metering, which depend on the specific application. Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR) systems are spreading worldwide for air conditioning applications. Particular attention has been paid to the direct metering of cooling energy and specifically to refrigerant flow rate measurement, which represents a critical issue because of the small-diameter pipes and the different thermodynamic properties of the fluid used. Thus, an experimental campaign has been developed and carried out in order to compare a clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter with a more accurate Coriolis one in a direct expansion (DE) system. The experimental tests have been performed at two different temperature conditions, showing a relative error in the mass flow rate measurements within ±10%.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%