“…methodologies including longitudinal (Jensen et al, 2019), specification curve analyses , meta-analyses (Appel et al, 2020), and systematic reviews (Best et al, 2014;Dickson et al, 2019;Odgers & Jensen, 2020;Ophir et al, 2020). Reviews indicate early research has been hampered by inaccurate measurements of engagement with internet and related technologies (Davidson et al, 2022;Parry et al, 2021;Scharkow, 2016), biased convenience samples drawn predominantly from countries in the Global North (Ghai et al, 2021), studying a limited range of well-being outcomes , and reliance on self-reported evaluations in place of clinical estimates of important mental health outcomes (Campbell et al, 2006). A comprehensive test of the overall association between internet adoption and well-being and mental health, broadly defined, has therefore not been conducted.…”