Abstract.Estrogen performs an important role in the growth and development of breast cancer. There are at least three major receptors, including estrogen receptor (ER)α and β, and G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), which mediate the actions of estrogen through using transcriptional and rapid non-genomic signaling pathways. Flavonoids have been considered candidates for chemopreventive agents in breast cancer. Baicalein, the primary flavonoid derived from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has been reported to exert an anti-estrogenic effect. In the present study, the effects of baicalein on 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced cell invasion, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression and activation were investigated. Furthermore, its effects were compared with that of the active form of the ER modulator tamoxifen 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHT) and the GPR30 antagonist G15 in ERα-and GPR30-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The results demonstrated that OHT failed to prevent E2-induced cell invasion, upregulation and proteolytic activity of MMP-9. However, baicalein was able to significantly suppress these E2-induced effects. Furthermore, E2-stimulated invasion, and MMP-9 expression and activation were significantly attenuated following G15 treatment. In addition, baicalein significantly inhibited G-1, a specific GPR30 agonist, induced invasion, and reduced G-1 promoted expression and activity of MMP-9, consistent with effects of G15. The results of the present study suggest that baicalein is a therapeutic candidate for GPR30-positive breast cancer treatment, and besides ERα targeting the GPR30 receptor it may achieve additional therapeutic benefits in breast cancer.
IntroductionIt is well known that the steroid hormone estrogen performs a role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer, and the majority of breast cancer types involve estrogen signaling pathways in cancer initiation, progression and metastasis (1). The majority of estrogen-associated biological actions are traditionally attributed to activate classic estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ (2). Thus, endocrine therapies that interfere with ER functions are currently applied in patients with ER-positive breast cancer. Although targeted inhibition of ERα is a successful approach, numerous patients fail to respond (de novo resistance) or relapse despite an initial response (acquired resistance) to anti-estrogen therapy (3). The selective ER modulator tamoxifen, which antagonizes estrogen-induced genomic-nuclear ERα activity, is widely used in the treatment of ERα-positive breast cancer. It has significantly reduced the mortality risk among patients, however, not all patients achieve beneficial effects as disease recurrence occurs in ~25-30% of patients (4).The identification and characterization of the G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) represents an additional mechanism of estrogen effects, which mediate a wide range of estrogenic responses, leading to changes in gene expression and relevant biological responses (5). It has been revealed that GPR30...