Ga-based liquid metal: Lubrication and corrosion behaviors at a wide temperature range

Guo, Jie; Cheng, Jun; Tan, Hui; Zhu, Shengyu; Qiao, Zhuhui; Yang, Jun; Liu, Weimin

doi:10.1016/j.mtla.2018.09.007

Cited by 31 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The large contact angle of RTGFs on the solid substrates is attributable to the inherent large surface tension of RTGFs. The lubricating effect of gallium-based LM has been reported in the literatures, in which the Ga-rich film generated from the intermetallic compound on the interface provided good boundary lubrication at room temperature to 200°C [36,37].…”

Section: Rheological Property Of Hydraulic Fluidmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Except for the electromagnetic and thermal characteristics of metal phases, the unique rheological nature of room temperature galliumbased fluids (RTGFs) has many virtues in biomedical engineering [31,32], microfluidics [33], and wearable pressure sensor [34,35]. The interfacial works that LM as lubrication could reduce the friction coefficient under diverse temperatures demonstrated the potential that RTGFs are applied as working fluids in hydraulics [36][37][38]. Table 1 [29,39,40] presents the physiochemical parameters of RTGFs, water, and hydraulic oil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid metal hydraulics paradigm: Transmission medium and actuation of bimodal signals

Gao

Qin

et al. 2021

Sci. China Technol. Sci.

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In this article, room temperature gallium-based fluids (RTGFs) with unique thermal and conductive properties are proposed as a transmission fluid for the force carrying medium of hydraulics, which rectify the lack of the multi-functional hydraulic roles of liquid metal (LM). The typical physical properties of RTGFs and comparative conventional hydraulic fluids (commercial hydraulic oil and deionized water), such as thermal stability and rheological characteristics are evaluated. Experimental and numerical methods, then, are adopted to clarify the force transmission performance of RTGFs and commercial hydraulic oils, as well as the influence of temperature fields on the viscosity of fluids. The results disclosed that the advantages of inherent flame resistance, wide liquid temperature range, and the viscosity changing slightly with temperature, make RTGFs potential to efficiently apply in the hydraulics as new working fluids. Finally, for illustration, the rigid and flexible actuators driven by RTGFs were designed as hydraulic fluid and demonstrated their capabilities in grasping objects with various shapes and weights, respectively. And the tunable stiffness of such a flexible actuator is enabled via the solid-liquid phase change of LM. Additionally, a frequency-adjustable antenna was manufactured and showcased owing to the introduced transformable electromagnetic behaviors of LM. Overall, the gallium-based LM fluids with thermoelectrical and mechanical multimodal signal medium, would serve as a potential candidate for future complex multifunctional signal transmission systems.

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Section: Rheological Property Of Hydraulic Fluidmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid metal hydraulics paradigm: Transmission medium and actuation of bimodal signals

Gao

Qin

et al. 2021

Sci. China Technol. Sci.

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“…The disk (dimension: Φ 28 mm × 3 mm, surface roughness: <0.02 μm) rotated against the stationary pin (5.1 mm in diameter, 16 mm long, and 2.55 mm radius of curvature at one end). Special semiclosed clamps were used to fix the disk and contain the liquid metal, and the schematic diagram was shown elsewhere . To preliminarily evaluate the lubricity of the three liquid metals, RT, 400, and 600 °C were chosen as the testing temperatures.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ga-based liquid metal (GLM) may be a potential heat-transfer material in many industries such as electronic devices and nuclear reactors because it combines environmental friendliness, high specific heat, low melting point, and many other advantages. − The friction and corrosion problems between GLM and structural components at high temperatures have become a major issue that must be confronted and solved before its large-scale industrial applications. , Compared with the traditional lubricating oils, when GLM is used as a lubricant, the lubrication state is mostly in the boundary lubrication, with a higher friction coefficient (∼0.1–0.6) and wear rate (orders of magnitude range from 10 –7 to 10 –4 mm 3 /Nm). − Unless it is used for rolling bearings with high speed (>1 m/s), the friction coefficient can be as low as 0.01. , Therefore, there is still much room for improvement in the lubricating performances of GLM, and it is valuable to explore some technical means to address this scientific problem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Al-Doped Ga-Based Liquid Metal: Modification Strategy and Controllable High-Temperature Lubricity through Frictional Interface Regulation

et al. 2019

Self Cite

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Ga-based liquid metal (GLM) may be a potential heat-transfer material in many industries such as electronic devices and nuclear reactors, and thus, improving its lubricity is conducive to solving the friction and corrosion problems of the motion pairs served in the GLM medium. This paper proposes a modification strategy based on the conventional and large-scale mechanical milling to prepare Al-doped GLM successfully and regulates the GLM lubricity through controlling the frictional interface properties. It is found that at room temperature (∼20 °C), the Al element in the Al-doped GLM medium has a stronger adsorption capacity on the T91 surface, so the Al-rich film is formed on the frictional interfaces and reduces the wear of the T91 disk effectively compared to that in the GLM medium. However, the doping of Al is detrimental to the wear resistance of the T91 steel significantly at 400 °C by inhibiting the formation of the protective FeGa 3 film on the frictional interfaces, which readily appears at T91 frictional interfaces in the GLM medium. At 600 °C, Al atoms participate in the formation of a multilayer intermetallic film, thus improving the wear resistance again. This paper provides a new idea for preparing the metaldoped GLM and improving the lubricity of GLM, and it drives forward our understanding of the lubrication mechanisms of liquid lubricants.

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“…Furthermore, there are obviously different phase structures in wide temperature ranges. [ 123 ] Below 200 °C, the contact surface between gallium‐based liquid metal and steel matrix forms a Ga‐rich film used as boundary lubrication. As the temperature increases, the friction coefficient and wear rate will increase.…”

Section: Interfacial Engineering Of Liquid Metal/solid Substratementioning

confidence: 99%

Interfacial Engineering of Room Temperature Liquid Metals

Liu

Cui

et al. 2021

Adv Materials Inter

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and formed spontaneously and instantaneously upon exposure to atmospheric oxygen. [1-3] The thin film or "protective skin" covering the surface of RTLMs, generally dominated the physical properties and applications of the materials. This thin film is composed of a majority fraction of gallium oxides with a much smaller amount of indium and tin oxides. [4] When immersed in acidic or alkaline electrolytes, the oxidic films of RTLMs will be dissolved. [5-8] Due to the disorder of internal structure, the surface of the spherical liquid metal droplet is smooth and removable under the function of surface tension. [9,10] According to the size and structure of the solid substrate, the contact areas between the liquid metal and the solid substrate shows various wetting phenomena and corresponding application scenarios. [11-14] Surface chemical composition plays the primary role in dominating various phenomena and practical applications of RTLMs, which possessed the technologically important and scientifically interesting parameter. Gallium-based liquid metal is similar in structure to conventional solid metal, except for some covalent bonds inside, and the physicochemical properties have the commonality of both metallic solid and fluid properties. [15] The composition of gallium-based alloys can be assumed as made up of several atomic groups, within which the permutation of the solid remains, the binding energy between the liquid atoms remains strong, but the binding force between the groups was broken. The interface refers to the contact area between the different phases, which is the transition layer from one phase to another. The binding force of electrons that are relatively far away from the inner core is related to their energy, causing the interface behavior between different phases to be incompletely consistent. The surface is a type of interface, which specifically refers to the gas phase substance in interfacial behavior. In the processes of thermodynamics, [16,17] surface absorption, [18,19] controllable wetting, [6,13,20] material catalysis, [21,22] redox, and other physical and chemical reactions, [23,24] RTLMs inevitably contact with other substances with different phase states. Even the pure liquid metal would contact with oxygen in the air to yield a thin protective film. [17,25,26] Therefore, the investigation of interfacial behaviors between RTLMs and different surrounding mediums is helpful to renovate and broaden the understanding and applications of liquid metal. So far, there gradually appeared literature on phenomena and mechanism of the interfacial effect of RTLMs, such as synthesis of low-dimensional materials in the gas atmosphere, [27,28] Room temperature liquid metals (RTLMs), especially those made of galliumbased alloys belong to an emerging versatile material with fascinating characteristics derived from its simultaneous metallic and inherent fluidic natures. The interfacial effects of liquid metal involved in diverse surfaces thus play critical roles in explaining many fundamental phenomena....

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Ga-based liquid metal: Lubrication and corrosion behaviors at a wide temperature range

Cited by 31 publications

References 41 publications

Liquid metal hydraulics paradigm: Transmission medium and actuation of bimodal signals

Liquid metal hydraulics paradigm: Transmission medium and actuation of bimodal signals

Al-Doped Ga-Based Liquid Metal: Modification Strategy and Controllable High-Temperature Lubricity through Frictional Interface Regulation

Interfacial Engineering of Room Temperature Liquid Metals

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