IntroductionGabapentin (Neurontin) and pregabalin (Lyrica) are synthetic antiepileptic and antinociceptive gabapentinoid compounds originally designed as analogues of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and both are in widespread clinical use (Calandre et al., 2016). However, the mechanisms of action of gabapentinoids, exemplified by gabapentin and pregabalin, are incompletely understood. [ 3 H]-gabapentin binding was first described in membrane fractions from rat brain homogenates, and the target protein identified as the α2-δ subunit of voltage-gated calcium (CaV) channels. The findings were later recapitulated using porcine brain tissue, heterologously expressed α2-δ, and also with pregabalin; binding was found to be exclusive to α2-δ1 and 2 isoforms (Brown and Gee, 1998; Field et al., 2006; Fuller-Bicer et al., 2009; Gee et al., This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version.Molecular Pharmacology Fast Forward. Published on as DOI: 10.1124 at ASPET Journals on April 27, 2019 molpharm.aspetjournals.org Downloaded from MOL #112953 4 1996). Gabapentin and pregabalin are generally considered inactive against canonical GABAA and GABAB receptors, despite their structural similarity to GABA (Ben-Menachem, 2004; Jensen et al., 2002; Lanneau et al., 2001;Stringer and Lorenzo, 1999;Taylor, 1997), although some investigators contend that there are some subtype-specific effects on GABAB receptors (Bertrand et al., 2003a;Ng et al., 2001;Parker et al., 2004). Binding of gabapentin and pregabalin to α2-δ is suggested to act therapeutically via impairment of Cav channel activity, thus reducing neuronal calcium currents (Stefani et al., 1998;Stefani et al., 2001), although others observed no evidence for gabapentin-induced changes in neuronal Cav activity (Rock et al., 1993;Schumacher et al., 1998).We recently made the unexpected discovery that GABA can activate voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels composed of heteromeric assemblies of KCNQ2 (Kv7.2) and KCNQ3 (Kv7.3) poreforming α subunits (Manville et al., 2018). KCNQ (Kv7) channels comprise tetramers of α subunits, each containing six transmembrane (S) segments, organized into the voltage-sensing domain (VSD, S1-4) and the pore module (S5-6) ( Fig. 1 A, B). In vertebrate nervous systems, KCNQ2/3 (Kv7.2/3) heteromers are the primary molecular correlate of the M-current, a muscarinicinhibited Kv current essential for regulating excitability of a wide range of neurons throughout the nervous system (Brown and Adams, 1980;Marrion et al., 1989;Wang et al., 1998). We found that, like the anticonvulsant retigabine (Kim et al., 2015;Schenzer et al., 2005), GABA binds to a conserved tryptophan (W265) on KCNQ3 to activate KCNQ3 homomers and KCNQ2/3 heteromers (Manville et al., 2018) (Fig. 1B-D).Because of the structural similarities between gabapentinoids and GABA, and the known influence of the M-current in many of the disease states responsive to gabapentinoids (epilepsy, pain, anxiety, alcohol withdrawal) (Bla...