Gadolinium determination in tissue samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry in evaluation of the action of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents

Abstract

The quantitative determination of Gd-containing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents in animal tissues is performed by both ICP-AES and ICP-MS. While ICP-AES has been used to determine Gd-containing contrast agents by other workers, no published methodology has been found. An accurate and precise method using nitric acid and microwave digestion for sample preparation is described. Dosed rat tissue, blood and plasma were measured by both ICP-AES and ICP-MS. The ICP-AES method is excellent for screening Gd levels and quantitative determination of concentrations above 400 ng ml-1, but it lacks the sensitivity to measure agent concentrations in low dose MRI studies. This work demonstrates that ICP-MS has the needed sensitivity to replace radiotracer methods currently used for low dose studies, while maintaining the accuracy and precision of results obtained by ICP-AES. Gadolinium detection limits in tissue were 0.04 mumol of Gd per kg of tissue, an order of magnitude lower than studies using radiotracer techniques.

A liposomal Gd contrast agent does not cross the mouse placental barrier

“…Mice were dissected and the placentae and fetuses removed and transferred individually to 2 ml polycarbonate vials for storage at −81 °C. These placentae and fetuses were analyzed using ICP-MS for the direct measurement of Gd concentration 41 .…”

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of a Tissue/Implanted Device Biointerface Using in Vivo Microdialysis Sampling

“…Since analyte diffusion properties affect the extraction efficiency during microdialysis sampling procedures, it was important to pick a membrane type that would ensure maximum loss of Gd-DTPA to the tissue space. This was especially important, since during these experiments, there were no instruments that could be easily accessed to measure the loss of Gd-DTPA across the microdialysis probe, for example, via ICPMS . Since there was uncertainty in the amount of Gd-DTPA loss across the microdialysis probe to the tissue, we chose to use 10-mm probes with a 100 000 Da MWCO polyethersulfone (PES) membrane rather than the oftentimes more rugged 20 000 Da cutoff polycarbonate membrane.…”

Development of a highly efficient gadolinium(III) potentiometric sensor using two aza-crown ether-based multiple diglycolamides (DGAs)

“…Anthropogenic Gd can also be found in sediments (up to 90.5 µg/g) [59] and in living organism. This anthropogenic Gd present as chelating complex required prior sample treatment [60] for analysis using ISE. Based on the detection limit of the present sensor (94.4 µg/L) and the sensor response behaviour, the sensor may be found suitable for the estimation of Gd 3+ in environmental samples such as surface water near WWTPs discharged points.…”