Gain and loss of subcutaneous and abdominal fat depot mass from late pregnancy to 100 days in milk in German Holsteins

Abstract

This research paper addresses the hypothesis that in times of negative energy balance around parturition in dairy cattle, lipids stored in adipocytes are mobilised in a more intensive manner out of the abdominal depots than out of the subcutaneous adipose tissues. Furthermore, the impact of niacin supplementation and energy density of the ration on adipose tissue mass gain and loss was assessed. Absolute masses of subcutaneous (SCAT), retroperitoneal (RPAT), omental (OMAT), mesenterial (MAT) and abdominal adipose tissue as a whole (AAT) were estimated by ultrasonography at −42, 3, 21 and 100 DIM. Absolute and relative daily gain during dry period (−42 to 3 DIM) and loss in fresh cow period (3 to 21 DIM) and early lactation period (22 to 100 DIM) were calculated. Feeding regime neither by niacin nor by energy density exerted any effect on adipose tissue masses. The AAT was always bigger than SCAT, but RPAT, OMAT and MAT did not differ amongst each other. All depot masses showed similar patterns with an increase during dry period and a decrease after calving. In fresh cow period AAT absolutely and relatively lost more mass than SCAT. This confirms that AAT is more intensively mobilised than SCAT during that time span. Further absolute daily gain during dry period was strongly negatively correlated with absolute daily loss during fresh cow period. This underlines the impact of individual body condition on adipose mobilisation in periparturient dairy cows. According to these results, it has to be taken into account that the largest amount of fat mobilised in the fresh cow period origins from AAT. This might impact the pattern of adipose derived metabolites and metabolic effectors interacting in physiological and deregulated adaptation to negative energy balance.

Insulin signaling and insulin response in subcutaneous and retroperitoneal adipose tissue in Holstein cows during the periparturient period

“…These depot-specific differences could be modulated by differential extents of HSL phosphorylation between depots, observed in the present study and in previous work (Locher et al, 2011;Kenéz et al, 2015). Alternatively, this could be based on the fact that abdominal adipose depots provide a quantitatively greater fat pool, estimated to be approximately 3 times larger than subcutaneous fat depots (Raschka et al, 2016;Ruda et al, 2019).…”

“…Ji et al (2014) suggested that visceral adipose tissue might be more prone to release proinflammatory signals as an effect of overconditioning. Furthermore, ultrasonography-based predictions showed that abdominal adipose tissues (including retroperitoneal, omental, and mesenteric adipose tissues) together make up a roughly 3 times larger adipose mass than SCAT in German Holstein cows (Raschka et al, 2016;Ruda et al, 2019). Hence, abdominal adipose tissues, including RPAT, are suggested to have a larger contribution to adipose-derived nutrient metabolism than SCAT.…”

Sphingolipid Profiling Reveals Different Extent of Ceramide Accumulation in Bovine Retroperitoneal and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues

“…Additionally, RPAT had higher lipolytic activity than SCAT under catecholamine stimulation [12]. In contrast to SCAT, RPAT accumulated and lost adipose mass with greater uctuation during the peripartum period [13]. Collectively, these studies demonstrated that RPAT responds more dynamically to metabolic stimuli than SCAT, which is in agreement with human adipose biology [14].…”

“…The higher substrate in ux rate in RPAT could be supported by the greater dynamics of adipose mass, and higher HSL activity in bovine RPAT [23]. It was shown that the adipose mass of RPAT in periparturient German Holstein cows had a greater uctuation than that of SCAT [13,24]. Additionally, RPAT had a higher HSL phosphorylation at residues 563 and 660 detected by Western blot analysis, indicating greater enzyme activation [11].…”

Sphingolipid Profiling Reveals Different Extent of Ceramide Accumulation in Bovine Retroperitoneal and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues

“…Additionally, RPAT had higher lipolytic activity than SCAT under catecholamine stimulation [14]. In contrast to SCAT, RPAT accumulated and lost adipose mass with greater fluctuation during the peripartum period [15]. Collectively, these studies demonstrated that RPAT responds more dynamically to metabolic stimuli than SCAT, which is in agreement with human adipose biology [16].…”