Gait Analysis Methods: An Overview of Wearable and Non-Wearable Systems, Highlighting Clinical Applications

Abstract

This article presents a review of the methods used in recognition and analysis of the human gait from three different approaches: image processing, floor sensors and sensors placed on the body. Progress in new technologies has led the development of a series of devices and techniques which allow for objective evaluation, making measurements more efficient and effective and providing specialists with reliable information. Firstly, an introduction of the key gait parameters and semi-subjective methods is presented. Secondly, technologies and studies on the different objective methods are reviewed. Finally, based on the latest research, the characteristics of each method are discussed. 40% of the reviewed articles published in late 2012 and 2013 were related to non-wearable systems, 37.5% presented inertial sensor-based systems, and the remaining 22.5% corresponded to other wearable systems. An increasing number of research works demonstrate that various parameters such as precision, conformability, usability or transportability have indicated that the portable systems based on body sensors are promising methods for gait analysis.

Development of a low cost force platform for biomechanical parameters analysis

“…They are widely used mainly in wearable gait analysis systems (Herran et al, 2014); Piezoresistive sensors are the most widely used in off-the-shelf platforms, mainly for gait analysis, measuring forces and moments, being sensitive to accelerations as well; Strain gauges are bonded to the surface of a mechanical structure and present relevant advantages over piezoelectric and piezoresistive sensors, such as better stability for long-term measurements, providing absolute measurements instead of relative ones (Roriz et al, 2014).…”

“…There are various types of sensors used in FP: Piezoelectric sensors are known for their excellent linearity and reactivity but cannot be easily adapted to surfaces due to their large size (Duarte and Freitas, 2010;Herran et al, 2014); Capacitive sensors are based on the principle of condenser capacity changes, according to different parameters. They are widely used mainly in wearable gait analysis systems (Herran et al, 2014); Piezoresistive sensors are the most widely used in off-the-shelf platforms, mainly for gait analysis, measuring forces and moments, being sensitive to accelerations as well; Strain gauges are bonded to the surface of a mechanical structure and present relevant advantages over piezoelectric and piezoresistive sensors, such as better stability for long-term measurements, providing absolute measurements instead of relative ones (Roriz et al, 2014).…”

Biological-Signal-Based User-Interface System for Virtual-Reality Applications for Healthcare

“…Although the accuracy and location where movements can be measured vary depending on the number and location of sensors, a technology has been developed lately to the level that user motions can be captured [17]. Research on hands and upper limbs or gait analysis for rehabilitation purposes has been conducted [18,19]. Research on interactive interfaces using gestures for handicapped people has also been carried out.…”

An Accurate Wearable Foot Clearance Estimation System: Toward a Real-Time Measurement System

“…Recent advances in wearable technologies have enabled field gait analysis, outside of laboratory measurement, to evaluate the subject's function at the workplace, and during activities of daily life [9]. This can better represent the sensorimotor function of individuals, provide a more comprehensive assessment of treatment or rehabilitation programs in place, and could provide predictors of risk factors such as the risk of fall in elder adults [11].…”