Gait ground reaction force characteristics of low back pain patients with pronated foot and able-bodied individuals with and without foot pronation

Farahpour, Nader; Jafarnezhad, AmirAli; Damavandi, Mohsen; Bakhtiari, Arash; Allard, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.03.056

Cited by 65 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…When it comes to kinetics or plantar pressure distribution during walking, it has been shown that PF individuals compared with healthy controls exhibit lower second peak vertical ground reaction forces (GRFs) [8], lower peak pressure and maximal force in the lateral forefoot, higher maximal force in the medial midfoot [9], higher anterior posterior impulses [10], and higher invertor moments [11]. With regards to kinematics, over PF is associated with an internal rotation of the shank [12], and pelvic ipsilateral drop during weight-bearing when walking [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground reaction forces and muscle activity while walking on sand versus stable ground in individuals with pronated feet compared with healthy controls

et al. 2019

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BackgroundSand is an easy-to-access, cost-free resource that can be used to treat pronated feet (PF). Therefore, the aims of this study were to contrast the effects of walking on stable ground versus walking on sand on ground reaction forces (GRFs) and electromyographic (EMG) activity of selected lower limb muscles in PF individuals compared with healthy controls.MethodsTwenty-nine controls aged 22.2±2.5 years and 30 PF individuals aged 22.2±1.9 years were enrolled in this study. Participants walked at preferred speed and in randomized order over level ground and sand. A force plate was included in the walkway to collect GRFs. Muscle activities were recorded using EMG system.ResultsNo statistically significant between-group differences were found in preferred walking speed when walking on stable ground (PF: 1.33±0.12 m/s; controls: 1.35±0.14 m/s; p = 0.575; d = 0.15) and sand (PF: 1.19±0.11 m/s; controls: 1.23±0.18 m/s; p = 0.416; d = 0.27). Irrespective of the group, walking on sand (1.21±0.15 m/s) resulted in significantly lower gait speed compared with stable ground walking (1.34±0.13 m/s) (p<0.001; d = 0.93). Significant main effects of “surface” were found for peak posterior GRFs at heel contact, time to peak for peak lateral GRFs at heel contact, and peak anterior GRFs during push-off (p<0.044; d = 0.27–0.94). Pair-wise comparisons revealed significantly smaller peak posterior GRFs at heel contact (p = 0.005; d = 1.17), smaller peak anterior GRFs during push-off (p = 0.001; d = 1.14), and time to peak for peak lateral GRFs (p = 0.044; d = 0.28) when walking on sand. No significant main effects of “group” were observed for peak GRFs and their time to peak (p>0.05; d = 0.06–1.60). We could not find any significant group by surface interactions for peak GRFs and their time to peak. Significant main effects of “surface” were detected for anterior-posterior impulse and peak positive free moment amplitude (p<0.048; d = 0.54–0.71). Pair-wise comparisons revealed a significantly larger peak positive free moment amplitude (p = 0.010; d = 0.71) and a lower anterior-posterior impulse (p = 0.048; d = 0.38) when walking on sand. We observed significant main effects of “group” for the variable loading rate (p<0.030; d = 0.59). Pair-wise comparisons revealed significantly lower loading rates in PF compared with controls (p = 0.030; d = 0.61). Significant group by surface interactions were observed for the parameter peak positive free moment amplitude (p<0.030; d = 0.59). PF individuals exhibited a significantly lower peak positive free moment amplitude (p = 0.030, d = 0.41) when walking on sand. With regards to EMG, no significant main effects of “surface”, main effects of “group”, and group by surface interactions were observed for the recorded muscles during the loading and push-off phases (p>0.05; d = 0.00–0.53).ConclusionsThe observed lower velocities during walking on sand compared with stable ground were accompanied by lower peak positive free moments during the push-off phase and loading rates during the loading pha...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground reaction forces and muscle activity while walking on sand versus stable ground in individuals with pronated feet compared with healthy controls

et al. 2019

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“…The most common form of treatment is simply to ignore this orthopedic disease as a normal variant. This "non-treatment" should be considered below the standard of care as multiple studies have identified flat/over-pronating feet are a significant contributing factor to the development and progression of pathologies within the foot, knee, hip, and back pain (47,50,53,62,(68)(69)(70). Tens of millions of steps taken on malaligned feet will eventually take their toll.…”

Section: Observationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric Flatfeet—A Disease Entity That Demands Greater Attention and Treatment

Bresnahan

Juanto

2020

Front. Pediatr.

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Background: Pediatric flatfoot is a common deformity. Unfortunately, the common opinion has been that most children with this faulty foot structure will simply out-grow it, despite no radiographic evidence to support this claim. Every step on a deformed foot leads to excessive tissue strain and further joint damage. Many forms of conservative and surgical treatments have been offered. This study was aimed at investigating the effectiveness of non-surgical and surgical treatment options.Main Text: faulty-foot structure is the leading cause of many secondary orthopedic deformities. A wide range of treatments for pediatric flatfeet have been recommended from the “do-nothing” approach, observation, to irreversible reconstructive surgery. Most forms of conservative care lack evidence of osseous realignment and stability. A conservative surgical option of extra-osseous talotarsal joint stabilization provides patients an effective form of treatment without the complications associated with other irreversible surgical procedures.Conclusion: Pediatric flatfeet should not be ignored or downplayed. The sooner effective treatment is prescribed, the less damage will occur to other parts of the body. When possible, a more conservative corrective procedure should be performed prior to irreversible, joint destructive options.

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“…The subjects were asked to walk, wearing the same type of shoes (Newfeel Oxylane sport shoes) at their ‘most comfortable speed’ (ie, self-selected speed) along an 8-m walkway fitted with a Bertec FP4060-07 force plate at the midpoint of the walkway (Bertec Corporation, Columbus, OH) to record the GRF. The GRF along vertical ( z ), antero-posterior ( y ), and lateral-medial ( x ) axes, time to peak, and vertical loading rate [25] were then calculated. The gait cycle analysis was performed using the divisions established by Perry [6] as follows: 0% to 2% initial contact, 3% to 12% response to load, 13% to 31% mid-stance, 32% to 50% terminal stance, 51% to 62% preswing, 63% to 75% initial swing, 76% to 82% mid-swing, and 83% to 100% terminal swing.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect produced on ground reaction forces by a prefabricated, weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing foot orthosis in the treatment of pronated foot

et al. 2018

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Gait ground reaction force characteristics of low back pain patients with pronated foot and able-bodied individuals with and without foot pronation

Cited by 65 publications

References 46 publications

Ground reaction forces and muscle activity while walking on sand versus stable ground in individuals with pronated feet compared with healthy controls

Ground reaction forces and muscle activity while walking on sand versus stable ground in individuals with pronated feet compared with healthy controls

Pediatric Flatfeet—A Disease Entity That Demands Greater Attention and Treatment

Effect produced on ground reaction forces by a prefabricated, weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing foot orthosis in the treatment of pronated foot

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