Gait in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Leitner, Yael; Barak, Ran; Giladi, Nir; Peretz, Chava; Eshel, Rena; Gruendlinger, Leor; Hausdorff, Jeffrey M.

doi:10.1007/s00415-006-0522-3

Cited by 95 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Therefore, while variability may be related to stability, this relationship is hardly ever straightforward, since we do not know the control strategies of the nervous system, or the prevailing constraints. Nonetheless, variability measures have unrivalled popularity in the gait community [8,35,46,78,80,86,87,89,[107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125]. This may in part be explained by the simplicity of the calculations involved, in combination with easily understandable metrics.…”

Section: Variability Measures 2141 General Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the stability of human locomotion: a review of current measures

Bruijn

Meijer

Beek³

et al. 2013

J. R. Soc. Interface.

531

365

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Falling poses a major threat to the steadily growing population of the elderly in modern-day society. A major challenge in the prevention of falls is the identification of individuals who are at risk of falling owing to an unstable gait. At present, several methods are available for estimating gait stability, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. In this paper, we review the currently available measures: the maximum Lyapunov exponent (l S and l L ), the maximum Floquet multiplier, variability measures, long-range correlations, extrapolated centre of mass, stabilizing and destabilizing forces, foot placement estimator, gait sensitivity norm and maximum allowableperturbation. We explain what these measures represent and how they are calculated, and we assess their validity, divided up into construct validity, predictive validity in simple models, convergent validity in experimental studies, and predictive validity in observational studies. We conclude that (i) the validity of variability measures and l S is best supported across all levels, (ii) the maximum Floquet multiplier and l L have good construct validity, but negative predictive validity in models, negative convergent validity and (for l L ) negative predictive validity in observational studies, (iii) long-range correlations lack construct validity and predictive validity in models and have negative convergent validity, and (iv) measures derived from perturbation experiments have good construct validity, but data are lacking on convergent validity in experimental studies and predictive validity in observational studies. In closing, directions for future research on dynamic gait stability are discussed.

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Section: Variability Measures 2141 General Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the stability of human locomotion: a review of current measures

Bruijn

Meijer

Beek³

et al. 2013

J. R. Soc. Interface.

531

365

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Another previous study reported that step variability decreases with age. Together, these studies suggest that immature gait is related to delayed brain development [15]. Although we have discussed this finding in terms of a potential cause and effect mechanism, it must be emphasized that our evidence only supports an association.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Previous studies of gait in children with ADHD have mainly focused on the differences of gait variables in children with ADHD [15], or age-dependent change in gait that bring children with ADHD closer to typically developed controls [16]. Step length in children with ADHD has shown great variability, which becomes much more pronounced during dual tasking, and is reduced to levels approaching those of control subjects after initiating medication [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Step length in children with ADHD has shown great variability, which becomes much more pronounced during dual tasking, and is reduced to levels approaching those of control subjects after initiating medication [15]. In addition, a tendency toward a higher value for step frequency has been reported, which becomes more pronounced during tasks requiring regulation of gait speed [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Increased Anterior Pelvic Angle Characterizes the Gait of Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

et al. 2017

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BackgroundChildren with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently have motor problems. Previous studies have reported that the characteristic gait in children with ADHD is immature and that subjects demonstrate higher levels of variability in gait characteristics for the lower extremities than healthy controls. However, little is known about body movement during gait in children with ADHD. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristic body movements associated with ADHD symptoms in children with ADHD.MethodsUsing a three-dimensional motion analysis system, we compared gait variables in boys with ADHD (n = 19; mean age, 9.58 years) and boys with typical development (TD) (n = 21; mean age, 10.71 years) to determine the specific gait characteristics related to ADHD symptoms. We assessed spatiotemporal gait variables (i.e. speed, stride length, and cadence), and kinematic gait variables (i.e. angle of pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle) to measure body movement when walking at a self-selected pace.ResultsIn comparison with the TD group, the ADHD group demonstrated significantly higher values in cadence (t = 3.33, p = 0.002) and anterior pelvic angle (t = 3.08, p = 0.004). In multiple regression analysis, anterior pelvic angle was associated with the ADHD rating scale hyperactive/impulsive scores (β = 0.62, t = 2.58, p = 0.025), but not other psychiatric symptoms in the ADHD group.ConclusionsOur results suggest that anterior pelvic angle represents a specific gait variable related to ADHD symptoms. Our kinematic findings could have potential implications for evaluating the body movement in boys with ADHD.

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“…Also, gait derangements have been consistently reported in pathological states characterized by the deterioration of attention. Thus, children suffering from attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder walk with greater stride-to-stride variability and this deficit is alleviated by treatment with attention-enhancing medication 5 . In demented older adults, slower gait speed and shorter step length have been documented, in comparison with age-matched healthy controls 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a vocal choice reaction time task on the kinematics of the first recovery step after a sudden underfoot perturbation during gait

2013

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Thirty-two healthy young adults (15 women) were tested for their ability to maintain their comfortable step pattern following an unpredictable underfoot perturbation in the presence and absence of a concurrent vocal choice reaction time task. Custom instrumented shoes were used to randomly deliver an unexpected medial or lateral forefoot perturbation that inverted the mid-foot an average of 10 degrees or everted the midfoot an average of 9 degrees during one stance phase of a gaittrial. Medial and lateral perturbations were randomized between left and right feet in 12 of 30 gait trials. The results of the repeated measures analyses of variance show that, compared to the step parameters of unperturbed gait, the administration of the unexpected underfoot perturbation did not significantly lead to alterations in the step length or width of the first recovery step. In addition, the simultaneous administration of a vocal choice reaction time task with the underfoot perturbation did not significantly affect the kinematics of the first recovery step. We conclude that in young healthy adults an unexpected 9–10 degree underfoot perturbation, with or without a vocal reaction time task, will not affect their recovery step kinematics when walking at a comfortable gait speed.

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Gait in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Abstract: The present findings demonstrate alterations in the gait of children with ADHD, support a cause and effect link between cognitive function and gait, and suggest that enhancement of attention abilities may, in certain populations, improve gait rhythmicity.

Cited by 95 publications

References 59 publications

Assessing the stability of human locomotion: a review of current measures

Assessing the stability of human locomotion: a review of current measures

Increased Anterior Pelvic Angle Characterizes the Gait of Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Effect of a vocal choice reaction time task on the kinematics of the first recovery step after a sudden underfoot perturbation during gait

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