Gait in ducks (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) and chickens (<i>Gallus gallus</i>) – similarities in adaptation to high growth rate

Duggan, Brendan M.; Hocking, Paul; Clements, Dylan

doi:10.1242/bio.018614

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Selective practices have attempted to breed turkeys that minimally waddle, but this movement may be necessary to sustain a stable gait. Others have suggested improvements to gait scoring by focusing on characteristics of a balanced gait and even applying camera monitoring with image analysis of lateral oscillations, which we also support to improve gait heritability (Aydin, 2017;Duggan et al, 2016Duggan et al, , 2017. The domestic turkeys displayed a consistent pattern of kinematic and kinetic gait parameter relationships with A B ‡ ‡ Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…However, large lateral oscillations (side-to-side motions) of more than 15 deg in the broadbreasted strain were noted in the posterior view. Some chicken and duck varieties, which have undergone a similar selective regime, experience locomotor consequences of increased body mass including increased stride width, slow walking speeds, increased double support and large lateral motions accompanied by high medio-lateral ground reaction forces (GRFs) (Caplen et al, 2012;Corr et al, 2007;Duggan et al, 2016;Paxton et al, 2013). Selecting birds with a healthy gait is an integral part of the poultry breeding practice, and yet the kinetic characteristics of domestic turkey locomotion have yet to be described.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Waddle and shuffle: Gait alterations associated with domestication in turkeys

Stover

Brainerd

Roberts

2018

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Domestication has altered turkey morphology by artificially selecting for increased muscle mass and breast meat. Artificial selection has resulted in birds that weigh up to 3 times more than their wild counterparts, with relatively little change in the length of their bones and limbs. Considering these structural changes, it seems probable that domestic turkey locomotor kinematics and kinetics would also be altered. To examine the locomotor dynamics of wild and domestic turkeys, we had both strains walk down a runway with a force plate at the center to measure their ground reaction forces and gait parameters. The location of their center of mass was also quantified using a force plate and bi-planar x-ray and found to be further anterior in the domestic strain. The domestic turkeys locomoted across a lower range of speeds (0.25-1.64 ms) than the wild turkeys (0.26-3.26 ms) and increased their stride frequency at a higher rate. They also displayed large lateral oscillations, i.e. waddling, during walking that translated into relatively high medio-lateral ground reaction forces and lateral kinetic energy (3.5 times higher than that of wild turkeys). The results indicate that domestic turkey locomotion is not simply a slowed down version of wild turkey locomotion. The changes in gait observed are similar to the shuffling gait present in some human populations, such as Parkinson's patients, which serves to increase stability. The domestic turkey's increased body mass and more anterior center of mass position may require these kinematic and kinetic gait differences.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waddle and shuffle: Gait alterations associated with domestication in turkeys

Stover

Brainerd

Roberts

2018

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…The observed vertical impulse was not consistently increasing or decreasing over the three data collections. No change in vertical impulse was observed in the studies on chickens and ducks either ( 21 ). This researcher described it as being expected because of the balancing factors of an increase in double foot support time and PVF.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These findings are compatible with a previous turkey gait analysis study finding even higher PVF data for older and presumably heavier tom turkeys ( 5 ). PVF between two duck breeds, the Pekin, selected for higher breast muscle mass, and the Mallard, no selection pressure, found Pekin ducks had a greater PVF as a percentage of body weight compared to Mallards ( 21 ). The observed vertical impulse was not consistently increasing or decreasing over the three data collections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth Dependent Changes in Pressure Sensing Walkway Data for Turkeys

2018

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Genetic selection for rapidly growing turkeys has created an unfavorable consequence impacting the skeletal system resulting in long bone distortions. These distortions have resulted in locomotor problems, gait abnormalities, leg weakness, or lameness issues. These effects raise welfare concerns along with animal agriculture inefficiency in the form of lost product. The purpose was to determine baseline gait and force distribution in visibly unimpaired growing turkey hens. Hendrix commercial turkey hen poults (n = 100) were placed on pine wood shavings providing 0.78 m2 per bird with ad libitum access to feed and water at the MSU Poultry Farm. Fifty hens were randomly selected at 5 weeks and identified with a leg band to ensure longitudinal data collection. The turkeys were walked across a pressure-sensing walkway (PSW, Tekscan, Boston, MA) and weighed at 5, 6, 8, and 10 weeks of age. PSW collected data on gait length, gait time, step force and step length, and the statistics were analyzed with SAS. Both temporospatial data, including step time and step length, and kinetic data, including peak downward force, and vertical impulse, were recorded. Body weight increased linearly with age (P < 0.001), demonstrating a typical growth pattern. Gait cycle time and peak vertical force (PVF) all displayed no difference between right and left sides, indicating that the hens had no detectable gait abnormalities. Gait velocity increased with age (P = 0.02) suggesting hens' growth impacted their gait velocity. The gait cycle time (P < 0.01) did not correspond with age. PVF increased linearly with age (P < 0.01) from 6 weeks (2.23 kg) to 10 weeks of age (5.91 kg). PVF/kg body weight (P < 0.01) increased from 6 weeks of age (96.9% BW) to 8 weeks of age (106%BW). Overall, the birds were not lame and some data was influenced by the hen's adjustment to the materials or stage of growth; in contrast, some temporospatial data did not coincide with age. The PSW could be used to detect locomotor issues in commercially produced turkey hens providing another tool for assessing well-being.

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“…Lameness due to pododermatitis, osteoarthritis, and nutritional deficiencies are common health conditions in birds across taxa with significant impacts on welfare in human care settings. Objective gait evaluation with a pressure sensitive walkway (PSW) has been used as a tool for welfare assessment in poultry, as well as assessment of lameness and response to therapy in domestic mammals [1–5]. Objective gait analysis of birds with lameness-causing diseases could provide non-biased assessment and therapeutic monitoring for zoo clinicians.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a pressure sensitive walkway for objective gait analysis in normal and arthritic domestic ducks (Cairina moschata domestica)

et al. 2019

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Objective gait evaluation with a pressure sensitive walkway (PSW) has been used to assess welfare of poultry and to assess lameness and response to therapy in domestic mammals. Objective gait analysis of birds with lameness due to pododermatitis, osteoarthritis, and other common diseases could provide non-biased assessment and therapeutic monitoring for zoo clinicians. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a PSW for objective gait analysis in normal domestic ducks ( Cairina moschata domestica ) and those with experimentally induced arthritis. Eighteen healthy adult ducks walked across the PSW four times in each experiment at each time point. For experiment 1, gait parameters (step and stride distances and velocities, maximum force, impulse, and peak pressure) were calculated for each foot in each duck (time 0). For experiment 2, six of these ducks were randomly selected, anesthetized, and administered a unilateral intra-tarsal injection of monosodium urate solution to induce arthritis. Serial PSW trials were repeated at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 24 hours post-injection. Gait parameters were calculated and compared at each time point, including baseline at time 0. Among the normal ducks, there were no significant differences between right and left feet for any gait parameter. Maximum force and impulse were significantly lower for the affected limb at the 3- and 4-hour time points in ducks with unilateral induced arthritis. This asymmetry was resolved by 8 hours post injection. This PSW transient arthritis model allows for objective assessment of lameness in domestic ducks with maximum force and impulse serving as the most sensitive gait parameters for lameness detection. This method has potential as a model to assess analgesic efficacy for zoo-housed waterfowl and other avian species.

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Gait in ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and chickens (Gallus gallus) – similarities in adaptation to high growth rate

Cited by 18 publications

References 29 publications

Waddle and shuffle: Gait alterations associated with domestication in turkeys

Waddle and shuffle: Gait alterations associated with domestication in turkeys

Growth Dependent Changes in Pressure Sensing Walkway Data for Turkeys

Evaluation of a pressure sensitive walkway for objective gait analysis in normal and arthritic domestic ducks (Cairina moschata domestica)

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