Abstract. New observations in favour of a significant role of secular evolution are reviewed: central star formation boosted in pseudo-bulge barred galaxies, relations between bulge and disk, evidence for rejuvenated bulges. Numerical simulations have shown that secular evolution can occur through a cycle of bar formation and destruction, in which the gas plays a major role. Since bars are weakened or destroyed in gaseous disks, the high frequency of bars observed today requires external cold gas accretion, to replenish the disk and allow a new bar formation. The rate of gas accretion from external filaments is compatible with what is observed in cosmological simulations.Keywords. galaxies: general, galaxies: spiral, galaxies: bulges, galaxies: evolution, galaxies: formation, galaxies: starburst, galaxies: structure
Role of secular evolutionSecular evolution is one of the three scenarios for galaxy formation and evolution. In a first one, monolithic collapse, gas clouds in free fall form stars so quickly that the resulting system is ellipsoidal. Disks then form afterward, through gas accretion around these bulges. In a second scenario, hierarchical formation, gas clouds have time to settle in rotating disks through dissipation, and form stars in thin spiral disks, which after several minor mergers, or a major merger, can also result in an ellipsoidal system. The secular evolution scenario also considers that spiral disks form first, then non-axisymmetric waves (bars and spirals) with their associated gravity torques and resonances, drive internal evolution, and in particular mass concentration towards the centre, and formation of bulges from the stellar disk. Spiral disks are continuously replenished through external gas accretion.