Galanin‐like innervation of rat submandibular and sublingual salivary glands: Origin and effect on acinar cell membranes

Abstract

The distribution and source of a galanin-like innervation of rat salivary glands has been examined. Additionally, submandibular and sublingual acinar cell membrane responses to galanin or a cholinergic agonist were studied. Galanin-immunoreactive fibers were observed throughout the submandibular and sublingual glands in association with ducts and acini. A subset of submandibular ganglion cells expresses galanin immunoreactivity. Parasympathectomy resulted in a marked decrease in galanin immunoreactivity in the glands. Sympathectomy resulted in marked reduction of dopamine beta-hydroxylase immunoreactivity with no appreciable change in galanin immunoreactivity. Retrograde labeling experiments demonstrated that galanin-immunoreactive sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion do not innervate the submandibular or sublingual gland. These results indicate that the galanin-like innervation of rat salivary glands is derived from parasympathetic nerves to the glands. Since rat sublingual glands contain largely mucous acini while rat submandibular gland acini are seromucous, electrophysiological responses to galanin and the muscarinic agonist, bethanechol, were compared. Agonist-induced voltage shifts varied between the two glands. The galanin-induced response at the level of the resting membrane potential in submandibular acinar cells was a hyperpolarization, while that in sublingual acinar cells was a depolarization. There was also a greater voltage dependence to the galanin-induced submandibular response than to the sublingual response. Differences were also noted in the acinar cell response to cholinergic stimulation between these glands. These results demonstrate the existence of a galanin-like innervation to salivary glands that may be functionally relevant. Moreover, the results challenge the idea that agonist-induced membrane responses are similar among acinar cells of different glands.

Immunohistochemical characterisation of neurons in the mandibular ganglion and nerve fibres supplying the porcine mandibular gland

“…Our results are in accord with those of Konopka et al (1992) who investigated GAL-like innervation of the rat mandibular and sublingual salivary glands.…”

“…Experiments utilising retrograde neuronal tracing have demonstrated that GAL-immunoreactive sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion do not innervate the madibular ganglion. These results indicate that galanin-like innervation of the rat MGl derives from parasympathetic nerves to the glands (Konopka et al 1992).…”

“…A subset of rat MGn has been found to exhibit immunoreactivity to this substance (Konopka et al 1992). Experiments utilising retrograde neuronal tracing have demonstrated that GAL-immunoreactive sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion do not innervate the madibular ganglion.…”

Peptidergic Innervation of the Rat Cornea

“…GAL-IR fibers in the rat iris also disappear after lesions of the trigeminal nerve, and are unaffected by extirpation of the SCG (Stro$ mberg et al, 1987). Curiously, GAL is found in only a small percentage of rat TG neurons (Stro$ mberg et al, 1987 ;Suzuki et al, 1989 ;Konopka, May and Forehand, 1992) ; this observation stands in apparent contrast to the high density of GAL-IR sensory nerve fibers seen in the cornea.…”

Galanin-like immunoreactivity in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima

“…Thus, in many ways, galanin can be considered a neural peptide. In fact, experimental findings suggest that galanin acts as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator affecting glandular, nervous, and muscular tissues (Tatemoto et al 1983;Ahrén et al 1988;Vrontakis et al 1991;Konopka et al 1992).…”