Galanin-like peptide and its correlation with androgen levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Abstract

gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), leading to increased amplitude and frequency of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and stimulation of theca cells to produce androgen; decreased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) relative to LH, insulin resistance in adipose tissue and skeletal muscles via a post-receptor defect (abnormal phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase), pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, and obesity [4][5][6].The elevated LH pulse frequency, increased hypothalamic kisspeptin levels, and increased activity of the GnRH neural network are among the aforementioned proposed underlying pathologies in PCOS [7]. This elevated hypothalamic GnRH output is likely to stem in part from a change of the metabolic state of the body. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), ghrelin (GHRL), galanin (GAL), and galanin-like peptide (GALP) have been proposed as candidates conveying metabolic status to the GnRH neuronal network in animals [8]. GALP is a recently identified hypothalamic peptide, localized

Serum D-dimer level in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

“…Several investigations revealed a similar conclusion. 16-18 Others, however, found that women with PCOS had higher levels of D-dimer than a healthy control group. 11,19,20 Higher D-dimer levels suggest increased subclinical fibrin synthesis rather than a breakdown in the setting of decreased global fibrinolytic activity.…”