We explore the neutrinoless double beta (0νββ)
decay induced by an ultralight dark matter field coupled to
neutrinos. The effect on 0νββ decay is significant if
the coupling violates the lepton number, for which the ΔL = 2
transition is directly driven by the dark matter field without
further suppression of small neutrino masses. As the ultralight
dark matter can be well described by a classical field, the effect
features a periodic modulation pattern in decay events. However, we
find that in the early Universe such coupling will be very likely to
alter the standard cosmological results. In particular, the
requirement of neutrino free-streaming before the matter-radiation
equality severely constrains the parameter space, such that the
future 0νββ decay experiments can hardly see any signal
even with a meV sensitivity to the effective neutrino mass.