Galectin-1 promotes angiogenesis and chondrogenesis during antler regeneration

Abstract

Background Deer antlers are the only known mammalian structure that undergoes full regeneration. In addition, it is peculiar because when growing, it contains vascularized cartilage. The differentiation of antler stem cells (ASCs) into chondrocytes while inducing endochondral extension of blood vessels is necessary to form antler vascularized cartilage. Therefore, antlers provide an unparalleled opportunity to investigate chondrogenesis, angiogenesis, and regenerative medicine. A study found that Galectin-1 (GAL-1), which can be used as a marker in some tumors, is highly expressed in ASCs. This intrigued us to investigate what role GAL-1 could play in antler regeneration. Methods We measured the expression level of GAL-1 in antler tissues and cells by immunohistochemistry, WB and QPCR. We constructed antlerogenic periosteal cells (APCs, one cell type of ASCs) with the GAL-1 gene knocked out (APCGAL-1−/−) using CRISPR-CAS9 gene editing system. The effect of GAL-1 on angiogenesis was determined by stimulating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using APCGAL-1−/− conditioned medium or adding exogenous deer GAL-1 protein. The effect of APCGAL-1−/− on chondrogenic differentiation was evaluated compared with the APCs under micro-mass culture. The gene expression pattern of APCGAL-1−/− was analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. Results Immunohistochemistry revealed that GAL-1 was widely expressed in the antlerogenic periosteum (AP), pedicle periosteum (PP) and antler growth center. Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis using deer cell lines further supports this result. The proliferation, migration, and tube formation assays of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) showed that the proangiogenic activity of APCGAL-1−/− medium was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with the APCs medium. The proangiogenic activity of deer GAL-1 protein was further confirmed by adding exogenous deer GAL-1 protein (P < 0.05). The chondrogenic differentiation ability of APCGAL-1−/− was impeded under micro-mass culture. The terms of GO and KEGG enrichment of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of APCGAL-1−/− showed that down-regulated expression of pathways associated with deer antler angiogenesis, osteogenesis and stem cell pluripotency, such as the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells and TGF-β signaling pathway. Conclusions Deer GAL-1, has strong angiogenic activity, is widely and highly expressed in deer antler. The APCs can induce angiogenesis by secreting GAL-1. The knockout of GAL-1 gene of APCs damaged its ability to induce angiogenesis and differentiate into chondrocytes. This ability is crucial to the formation of deer antler vascularized cartilage. Moreover, Deer antlers offer a unique model to explore explore how angiogenesis at high levels of GAL-1 expression can be elegantly regulated without becoming cancerous. Graphical Abstract

Neuroprotective effects of galectin‑1 on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating oxidative stress

“…Moreover, galectin-1 can suppress the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, further contributing to its anti-oxidative stress effects through inhibition of the pathway of NF-κB ( 45 ). Besides, galectin-1 has been found to promote angiogenesis ( 46 ) and neurogenesis ( 47 ), which are crucial for the recovery of brain function after ischemic stroke. It also inhibits apoptosis, further contributing to its neuroprotective effects ( 45 ).…”