Galectin-1 protein modified gold (III)-PEGylated complex-nanoparticles: Proof of concept of alternative probe in colorimetric glucose detection

Abstract

Galectins (Gal) are a family of dimeric lectins, composed by two galactoside-binding sites implicated in the regulation of cancer progression and immune responses. In this study, we report for the first time the synthesis and the physical-chemical characterization of galectin-1-complex-gold COOHterminated polyethlenglicole (PEG)-coated NPs (Gal-1 IN PEG-AuNPs) and their ability to recognize glucose in an aqueous solution with a concentration varying from 10 mM to 100 pM. The chemical protocol consistsof three steps: (i) complexation between galectin-1Gal-1 and tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl 4) to form gold-protein grains; (ii) staking process of COOH-terminated polyethlenglicole molecules (PEG) onto Gal-1-Au complex and (iii) reduction of hybrid metal ions to obtain a colloidal stable solution. During the complexation, the spectral signatures related to the Gal-1 orientation on the gold surface have been found to change due to its protonation state. The effective glucose monitoring was detected by UV-Vis, Raman spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Overall, we observed that the interaction is strongly dependent on the Gal-1 conformation at the surface of gold nanoparticles.

Idarubicin–Gold Complex: From Crystal Growth to Gold Nanoparticles

“…Other authors have realized that the synthesis of similar nanostructures added macromolecules and biopolymer molecules in the growth solution of AuNPs. 43 Based on previous reported findings, 44 , 45 we suppose that, when IDA and dicarboxylic PEG were added to the AuCl 4 – solution, the PEG was bound initially to Au (III) in a mushroom conformation. 10 …”

“…Other authors have realized that the synthesis of similar nanostructures added macromolecules and biopolymer molecules in the growth solution of AuNPs. 43 Based on previous reported findings, 44,45 we suppose that, when IDA and dicarboxylic PEG were added to the AuCl 4 − solution, the PEG was bound initially to Au (III) in a mushroom conformation. 10 In addition, the bright pink-violet color of both nanoparticles and the UV−Vis spectra remain unaltered after storage for more than 3 months at room temperature, suggesting the formation of a stable particle suspension.…”

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“…Carboxyl group activation is often performed in slightly acidic conditions (pH 6.0 to 6.5) with morpholinoethanesulfonic acid sodium (MES; 0.1 M) buffer and NaCl (0.3 M) as the reaction media [87][88][89]. PBS buffer is also reported to be compatible for carboxyl activation [90]. The main shortcoming of this method is its low efficiency due to competing hydrolysis [81].…”