Galen (129–199)

Todman, Donald

doi:10.1007/s00415-007-0625-5

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Galen of Pergamum (129–199 AD) [2,12] was the organizer of classical medical knowledge, with a large influence in medieval medicine. In his headache classification he considered also three main types: Cephalaia is similar to Cephalalgia of Aretaeus.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galeata: chronic migraine independently considered in a medieval headache classification

2014

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BackgroundChronic migraine is a quite recent concept. However, there are descriptions suggestive of episodic migraine since the beginning of scientific medicine. We aim to review main headache classifications during Classical antiquity and compared them with that proposed in the 11th century by Constantine the African in his Liber Pantegni, one of the most influential texts in medieval medicine.MethodWe have carried out a descriptive review of Henricum Petrum's Latin edition, year 1539.ResultsHeadache classifications proposed by Aretaeus of Cappadocia, Galen of Pergamun and Alexander of Tralles, all of them classifying headaches into three main types, considered an entity (called Heterocrania or Hemicrania), comparable to contemporary episodic migraine.In ninth book of Liber Pantegni, headaches were also classified into three types and one of them, Galeata, consisted on a chronic pain of mild intensity with occasional superimposed exacerbations.ConclusionIn Liber Pantegni we have firstly identified, as a separate entity, a headache comparable to that we currently define as chronic migraine: Galeata.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galeata: chronic migraine independently considered in a medieval headache classification

2014

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“…Chr. ), genannt Galen, war zweifellos der erfolgreichste Anatom des klassischen Altertums [ 2 , 3 , 10 , 11 ]. Als Gladiatorenarzt und kaiserlicher Leibarzt hatte er viele Möglichkeiten, Einblicke in den menschlichen Körper zu erlangen.…”

Section: Jahre „Stillstand Der Anatomie“ Nach Galenos Von Pergamonunclassified

Von der anatomischen Lehrsektion zum Unterricht am Krankenbett – eine geschichtliche Würdigung

Koehler

Hildebrandt

Koehler

et al. 2021

Wien Med Wochenschr

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ZusammenfassungZu allen Zeiten waren die Anatomen bemüht, der Medizin wissenschaftliche Grundlagen zu vermitteln. Der Anatom hat den toten Körper zergliedert, um damit den Lebenden zu dienen. Das Verständnis physiologischer und pathophysiologischer Prozesse setzt die Kenntnis der Anatomie voraus. Im Corpus Hippocraticum findet man keinen sicheren Hinweis auf die Durchführung menschlicher Sektionen. In Alexandria wurde um 300 vor Christus zum ersten Mal Anatomie an der menschlichen Leiche gelehrt. Mehr als 1300 Jahre standen die Anatomie und die Heilkunde dann unter dem Einfluss des Galen von Pergamon (131–201 n. Chr.). Der Italiener Mondino dei Luzzi (1275–1326) war der Erste, der den systematischen Anatomieunterricht unter regelmäßiger Einbeziehung von Lehrsektionen in den Lehrbetrieb in Bologna eingeführt hat. Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) aus Belgien hat in der Neuzeit die wissenschaftlich fundierte Humananatomie begründet und viele Fehler der von Galen tradierten Ansichten der Anatomie korrigiert. Im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert waren die niederländischen Universitäten, allen voran die Universität in Leiden, führend im Hinblick auf die klinische und praktische Studentenausbildung.

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“…During his stays in Rome, it is estimated that Galen wrote more than 500 treatises dealing with philosophy, science, and medicine, although approximately only one-third of them survived after a fire in the Temple of Peace in A.D. 191 (Sarton, 1954;Apuzzo, 2000;Todman, 2007).…”

Section: Introduction Metaphors In Brain Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these books, Galen developed the description of neuroanatomy, based on much more detailed brain dissections than anyone had done before (e.g., Herophilus). The descriptions were based mostly on animal dissections since Rome did not allow human dissections (Todman, 2007). The two most relevant Galen's (Sarton, 1954;Siegel, 1968) [We shall use the Greek and Latin titles of Galen's books throughout the text according to the canonical edition of Galen's complete works by Kuehn (1964)].…”

Section: Introduction Metaphors In Brain Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

The Epic of the Thalamus in Anatomical Language

2021

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Understanding the origin of Greek and Latin words used as metaphors to label brain structures gives a unique window into how scientific and medical knowledge was produced, preserved, and transmitted through generations. The history of the term thalamus exemplifies the complex historical process that led to the current anatomical terminology. From its first mention by Galen of Pergamon in the 2nd century A.D. to its definitive and current use by Thomas Willis in 1664, the thalamus had an epical journey through 1500 years across Europe, the Middle East, and the North of Africa. The thalamus was confusingly described by Galen, in the Greek language, as a chamber to the brain ventricles. The term thalamus was transferred from Greek to Syriac through the translations of Galen’s books done in Baghdad and also from Syriac to Arabic. Then, it was translated in Europe during the Middle Ages from the Arabic versions of Galen’s books to Latin. Later, during the Early Renaissance, it was translated again to Latin directly from the Greek versions of Galen’s books. Along this epical journey through languages, the term thalamus switched from referring to a hollow structure connected to brain ventricles to naming a solid structure at the rostral end of the brainstem. Finally, the thalamus was translated from Latin to modern languages, where it is used, until today, to name a nuclear complex of subcortical gray matter in the lateral walls of the third ventricle.

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Galen (129–199)

Cited by 16 publications

References 4 publications

Galeata: chronic migraine independently considered in a medieval headache classification

Galeata: chronic migraine independently considered in a medieval headache classification

Von der anatomischen Lehrsektion zum Unterricht am Krankenbett – eine geschichtliche Würdigung

The Epic of the Thalamus in Anatomical Language

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