Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Biliary System

Clinical presentation and management modalities of gallbladder cancer in Sudan: A single‐center study

“…Our study showed that most of the GBC patients were from urban areas (56% of cases). This was in agreement with other studies which revealed that the incidence is higher in urban areas, such as native America, related to increased gallstone incidence 3 . TUS, abdominopelvic CT scan, and MRCP were carried out in all patients to detect preoperative diagnostic patterns of GBC to help plan curative treatment.…”

“…It is found mainly in south‐east Asia (particularly Thailand) and in Latin America (particularly in Peru and Bolivia) 1,2 . Moreover, in the United States, the overall GBC incidence is estimated to be 1.5/100,000 residents 3 . It represents the fifth common cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and the most common cancer of the biliary tract (80%–90%) 4 .…”

“…The incidence is 2–3 times more in females than males due to prolonged hormonal influences and recurrent pregnancies, which raise bile cholesterol to develop gallstones. Also, in native American females with gallstones, the incidence of GBC is 7.1/100,000 cases 3,5–8 . The associated risk factors for GBC are symptomatic nontreated cholelithiasis for 20 years (70%–94%), chronic gallbladder infections (e.g., salmonella), gallbladder polyps, porcelain gallbladder, obesity, radiation, special chemicals (vinyl chloride), heavy metals, drugs (isoniazid, oral contraceptives), tobacco, alcohol consumption, and genetic alterations (including KRAS , TP53 , and c‐ERB‐B2 mutations).…”

“…Then the surgical plan consists of complete cancerous radical excision including extended right hepatectomy with the possibility of caudate lobectomy, lymphadenectomy, and resection of the involved organs. For patients who can tolerate this extensive surgical approach, 5‐year survival rates can reach up to 19.2% 3,32 …”

“…The median survival for cases with unresected distant metastasis is between 1 and 3 months. Most commonly, death occurs as a result of biliary sepsis or liver failure 3,5 …”