Gallbladder cancer: Historical treatment and new management options

Okumura, Kenji; Gogna, Shekhar; Gachabayov, Mahir; Felsenreich, Daniel Moritz; McGuirk, Matthew; Rojas, Aram; Quintero, Luis Alberto Zarco; Seshadri, Ramanathan; Gu, Katie; Dong, Xiang Da

doi:10.4251/wjgo.v13.i10.1317

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…Small cell gallbladder carcinoma has a poor prognosis, with 5-and 10-year rates of relative survival of 8% and 0%, respectively [12]. Several staging methods for gallbladder cancer have been reported, including Nevin's staging system (Table 3), the Japanese Biliary Surgical Society staging system (Table 4), and the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM staging system (Table 5) [13][14][15].…”

Section: Non-neoplastic and Neoplastic Lesions Of The Gallbladdermentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune-Markers in GallBladder Lesions and their Clinico-Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance - An Overview

Agarwal¹,

AlRawaili²,

AlZalbani³

et al. 2023

Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci

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Gallbladder benign diseases are common and usually cured without further consequences. Some benign illnesses increase the chance of cancer development significantly, whereas others resemble malignant disorders. The biomarkers discussed thus far are among the most extensively researched concerning the different diseases of GBC. Patients with gallbladder cancer are usually diagnosed in later stages when conventional treatments are ineffective. The lack of responsiveness of advanced instances of GBC to existing therapies necessitates the identification of novel prognostic and therapeutic approaches. Novel prognostic biomarkers may provide a crucial breakthrough in this area. Despite the available data and years of research, a prognostic marker that is 100% specific and sensitive to GBC is not yet available. A diverse number of molecular markers have been studied for their potential to be prognostic markers in GBC. p53 and HER2 have been studied very extensively and have shown promise. The deregulation and accumulation of the molecular markers we have discussed so far impact carcinogenesis of the gall bladder. Further analytical studies on the concentration levels of these markers in normal vs precancerous vs cancerous tissues should be carried out. Highly specific prognostic markers can help individualize treatment options to bring down the mortality rate in GBC.

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Section: Non-neoplastic and Neoplastic Lesions Of The Gallbladdermentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune-Markers in GallBladder Lesions and their Clinico-Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance - An Overview

Agarwal¹,

AlRawaili²,

AlZalbani³

et al. 2023

Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci

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“…Gallbladder cancer is a rare malignancy with poor prognosis owing to its late diagnosis and rapid progression [ 266 ]. PKCι is upregulated and correlates with poor prognosis in patients with gallbladder cancer.…”

Section: Pkc Isozymes As Prognostic Biomarkers or Therapeutic Targets...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Kinase C (PKC) Isozymes as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Cancer

Kawano

Inokuchi

Eto

et al. 2022

Cancers

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Protein kinase C (PKC) is a large family of calcium- and phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinases that consists of at least 11 isozymes. Based on their structural characteristics and mode of activation, the PKC family is classified into three subfamilies: conventional or classic (cPKCs; α, βI, βII, and γ), novel or non-classic (nPKCs; δ, ε, η, and θ), and atypical (aPKCs; ζ, ι, and λ) (PKCλ is the mouse homolog of PKCι) PKC isozymes. PKC isozymes play important roles in proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and anticancer drug resistance in cancer cells. Several studies have shown a positive relationship between PKC isozymes and poor disease-free survival, poor survival following anticancer drug treatment, and increased recurrence. Furthermore, a higher level of PKC activation has been reported in cancer tissues compared to that in normal tissues. These data suggest that PKC isozymes represent potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge and discusses the potential of PKC isozymes as biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancers.

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“…Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract and is usually diagnosed late in the course of the disease, with a poor overall prognosis ( Baiu and Visser, 2018 ). Clinical treatment is still predominantly surgical, but newer therapeutic modalities, such as molecular targeted therapy, have been used to improve the prognosis of patients with advanced disease ( Kam et al, 2021 ; Okumura et al, 2021 ). Recent studies have shown that a variety of exosomal miRNAs, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs can be used as clinical diagnostic biomarkers for GBC ( Xue et al, 2020 ; Ren et al, 2021 ; Ueta et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Roles Of Msc-derived Exosomes In Gi Cancersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging roles of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in gastrointestinal cancers

Wang

Pei

Yuan

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Gastrointestinal tumours are the most common solid tumours, with a poor prognosis and remain a major challenge in cancer treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent stromal cells with the potential to differentiate into multiple cell types. Several studies have shown that MSC-derived exosomes have become essential regulators of intercellular communication in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Notably, MSC-derived exosomes support or inhibit tumour progression in different cancers through the delivery of proteins, RNA, DNA, and bioactive lipids. Herein, we summarise current advances in MSC-derived exosomes in cancer research, with particular reference to their role in gastrointestinal tumour development. MSC-derived exosomes are expected to be a novel potential strategy for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers.

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Gallbladder cancer: Historical treatment and new management options

Cited by 25 publications

References 107 publications

Immune-Markers in GallBladder Lesions and their Clinico-Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance - An Overview

Immune-Markers in GallBladder Lesions and their Clinico-Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance - An Overview

Protein Kinase C (PKC) Isozymes as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Cancer

Emerging roles of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in gastrointestinal cancers

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