Galleria mellonella for the Evaluation of Antifungal Efficacy against Medically Important Fungi, a Narrative Review

Jemel, Sana; Guillot, Jacques; Kallel, K.; Botterel, Françoise; Dannaoui, Éric

doi:10.3390/microorganisms8030390

Cited by 71 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Moreover, the G. mellonella model has the additional advantage of being inexpensive to propagate within the laboratory in comparison to mammalian models and easy to manipulate for experimental procedures. In addition, apart from studying the pathophysiology of different fungal species, more recently, this invertebrate model has been successfully used for testing the in vivo efficacy of conventional and novel antifungal drugs [27]. In the case of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii, several approaches using mainly vertebrate but also invertebrate models have been used to study fungal pathogenicity [10,[28][29][30][31][32][33], recognize genes involved in pathogenicity, identify strain virulence, virulence factors (including capsule, melanin production and biofilm formation), and undertake antifungal susceptibility testing of existing and new compounds [34][35][36][37][38][39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rearing and Maintenance of Galleria mellonella and Its Application to Study Fungal Virulence

Firacative

Khan

Duan

et al. 2020

JoF

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Galleria mellonella larvae have been widely used as alternative non-mammalian models for the study of fungal virulence and pathogenesis. The larvae can be acquired in small volumes from worm farms, pet stores, or other independent suppliers commonly found in the United States and parts of Europe. However, in countries with no or limited commercial availability, the process of shipping these larvae can cause them stress, resulting in decreased or altered immunity. Furthermore, the conditions used to rear these larvae including diet, humidity, temperature, and maintenance procedures vary among the suppliers. Variation in these factors can affect the response of G. mellonella larvae to infection, thereby decreasing the reproducibility of fungal virulence experiments. There is a critical need for standardized procedures and incubation conditions for rearing G. mellonella to produce quality, unstressed larvae with the least genetic variability. In order to standardize these procedures, cost-effective protocols for the propagation and maintenance of G. mellonella larvae using an artificial diet, which has been successfully used in our own laboratory, requiring minimal equipment and expertise, are herein described. Examples for the application of this model in fungal pathogenicity and gene knockout studies as feasible alternatives for traditionally used animal models are also provided.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rearing and Maintenance of Galleria mellonella and Its Application to Study Fungal Virulence

Firacative

Khan

Duan

et al. 2020

JoF

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“…This is in contrast to the models above since C. elegans are inoculated onto an agar plate with colonies of C. neoformans and there is no way to regulate the infection dose and timing. This organism has been used primarily to assess virulence of C. neoformans ( 46 , 65 ) and antifungal susceptibility ( 72 ). Altogether, G. mellonella represent one of the most versatile invertebrate tools for C. neoformans infection studies.…”

Section: Animal Models For Studying Cryptococcosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models of Cryptococcus neoformans in Identifying Immune Parameters Associated With Primary Infection and Reactivation of Latent Infection

2020

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Cryptococcus species are environmental fungal pathogens and the causative agents of cryptococcosis. Infection occurs upon inhalation of infectious particles, which proliferate in the lung causing a primary infection. From this primary lung infection, fungal cells can eventually disseminate to other organs, particularly the brain, causing lethal meningoencephalitis. However, in most cases, the primary infection resolves with the formation of a lung granuloma. Upon severe immunodeficiency, dormant cryptococcal cells will start proliferating in the lung granuloma and eventually will disseminate to the brain. Many investigators have sought to study the protective host immune response to this pathogen in search of host parameters that keep the proliferation of cryptococcal cells under control. The majority of the work assimilates research carried out using the primary infection animal model, mainly because a reactivation model has been available only very recently. This review will focus on anti-cryptococcal immunity in both the primary and reactivation models. An understanding of the differences in host immunity between the primary and reactivation models will help to define the key host parameters that control the infections and are important for the research and development of new therapeutic and vaccine strategies against cryptococcosis.

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“…Mucorales (Ames et al, 2017;Gong et al, 2019;Trevino-Rangel et al, 2019;Jemel et al, 2020). We tested the protective effect of 31C using the fungal infection model of G. mellonella.…”

Section: Inhibited the Formation Of C Albicans Hyphae And Biofilmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Antifungal Agent (4-phenyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) Hydrazine Induces Oxidative Damage in Candida albicans

et al. 2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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A gradual rise in immunocompromised patients over past years has led to the increasing incidence of invasive fungal infections. Development of effective fungicides can not only provide new means for clinical treatment, but also reduce the occurrence of fungal resistance. We identified a new antifungal agent (4-phenyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl), hydrazine (numbered as 31C) which showed high-efficiency, broad-spectrum and specific activities. The minimum inhibitory concentration of 31C against pathogenic fungi was between 0.0625-4 µg/ml in vitro, while 31C had no obvious cytotoxicity to human umbilical vein endothelial cells with the concentration of 4 µg/ml. In addition, 31C of 0.5 µg/ml could exhibit significant fungicidal activity and inhibit the biofilm formation of C. albicans. In vivo fungal infection model showed that 31C of 10 mg/kg significantly increased the survival rate of Galleria mellonella. Further study revealed that 31C-treatment increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C. albicans and elevated the expression of some genes related to anti-oxidative stress response, including CAP1, CTA1, TRR1, and SODs. Consistently, 31C-induced high levels of intracellular ROS resulted in considerable DNA damage, which played a critical role in antifungal-induced cellular death. The addition of ROS scavengers, such as glutathione (GSH), N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), dramatically reduced the antifungal activities of 31C and rescued the 31C-induced filamentation defect. Collectively, these results showed that 31C exhibited strong antifungal activity and induced obvious oxidative damage, which indicated that compounds with a structure similar to 31C may provide new sight for antifungal drug development.

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Galleria mellonella for the Evaluation of Antifungal Efficacy against Medically Important Fungi, a Narrative Review

Cited by 71 publications

References 96 publications

Rearing and Maintenance of Galleria mellonella and Its Application to Study Fungal Virulence

Rearing and Maintenance of Galleria mellonella and Its Application to Study Fungal Virulence

Animal Models of Cryptococcus neoformans in Identifying Immune Parameters Associated With Primary Infection and Reactivation of Latent Infection

A New Antifungal Agent (4-phenyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl) Hydrazine Induces Oxidative Damage in Candida albicans

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