Gallic Acid and Diabetes Mellitus: Its Association with Oxidative Stress

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a severe chronic metabolic disease with increased mortality and morbidity. The pathological progression of DM is intimately connected with the formation and activation of oxidative stress (OS). Especially, the involvement of OS with hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation has shown a vital role in the pathophysiological development of DM and related complications. Interestingly, accumulating studies have focused on the exploration of natural antioxidants for their improvement on DM. Of specific interest is gallic acid (GA), which is rich in many edible and herbal plants and has progressively demonstrated robust antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects on metabolic disorders. To provide a better understanding of its potential therapeutic impacts and enhancement of human health care, the available research evidence supporting the effective antidiabetic properties of GA and relevant derivatives are needed to be summarized and discussed, with emphasis on its regulation on OS and inflammation against DM. This review aims to highlight the latest viewpoints and current research information on the role of OS in diabetes and to provide scientific support for GA as a potential antihypoglycemic agent for DM and its complications.

Decoding the Mechanism of Shixiao Powder in Treating Coronary Heart Disease Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

“…Gallic acid is a phenolic acid widely distributed in many different families of higher plants with high antioxidant properties. Gallic acid can improve high glucose levels, insulin, inflammation, and oxidative stress in diabetic complications by activating multiple effective pathways such as NO/iNOS generation, AGE/ALE, and JNK/ERK [ 28 ]. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of gallic acid mainly involves the MAPK and NF-kappa B signalling pathways, which attenuate the inflammatory response by reducing the release of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and cellular infiltration [ 29 ].…”

“…Gallic acid is a phenolic acid widely distributed in many different families of higher plants with high antioxidant properties. Gallic acid can improve high glucose levels, insulin, inflammation, and oxidative stress in diabetic complications by activating multiple effective pathways such as NO/iNOS generation, AGE/ALE, and JNK/ERK [28].…”

Targeted UHPLC-MS Analysis Reveals Disparate Polyphenol Composition and Concentration in Muscadine Grape Supplements with Proportional Antioxidant Activity

“…Of particular interest to our study, Villani et al [ 15 ] reported detectable levels of gallic acid in only 5 of 21 commercial grape seed supplements that ranged from 11 to 102 mg/g in content. Gallic acid exhibits beneficial effects through anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory actions [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Gallic Acid Alleviates Visceral Pain and Depression via Inhibition of P2X7 Receptor

“…Gallic acid (GA), which is found in a wide variety of fruits, nuts, and plants (e.g., rhubarb, eucalyptus, Cornus), is a polyphenol organic compound that is also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxy benzoic acid [ 29 , 30 ]. Its anti-inflammatory effects in various diseases have been demonstrated in many studies [ 31 ], for example, diabetes mellitus [ 32 ], psoriasis [ 33 ], gouty arthritis [ 34 ], paraquat-induced renal injury [ 35 ], etc. Gallic acid may prevent the production of inflammatory factors downstream of NF-κB, such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and thioredoxin-like protein-4B [ 36 ].…”