Gallic Acid Tailoring Surface Functionalities of Plasma-Polymerized Allylamine-Coated 316L SS to Selectively Direct Vascular Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cell Fate for Enhanced Endothelialization

Abstract

The creation of a platform for enhanced vascular endothelia cell (VEC) growth while suppressing vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation offers possibility for advanced coatings of vascular stents. Gallic acid (GA), a chemically unique phenolic acid with important biological functions, presents benefits to the cardiovascular disease therapy because of its superior antioxidant effect and a selectivity to support the growth of ECs more than SMCs. In this study, GA was explored to tailor such a multifunctional stent surface combined with plasma polymerization technique. On the basis of the chemical coupling reaction, GA was bound to an amine-group-rich plasma-polymerized allylamine (PPAam) coating. The GA-functionalized PPAam (GA-PPAam) surface created a favorable microenvironment to obtain high ECs and SMCs selectivity. The GA-PPAam coating showed remarkable enhancement in the adhesion, viability, proliferation, migration, and release of nitric oxide (NO) of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The GA-PPAam coating also resulted in remarkable inhibition effect on human umbilical artery smooth muscle cell (HUASMC) adhesion and proliferation. These striking findings may provide a guide for designing the new generation of multifunctional vascular devices.

Myricetin protects Galleria mellonella against Staphylococcus aureus infection and inhibits multiple virulence factors

“…46 recently proposed a bioactive surface based on the covalent immobilization of the flavonoid quercetin, which extended long-term efficacy of the coating and enhanced the soft tissue integration while retaining biological activity. In fact, low immunogenicity and toxicity properties of natural products with recognized therapeutic efficacy, particularly polyphenol-based coatings, represent a green alternative to pharmaceuticals 43, 47, 48 .…”

Cooperative control of blood compatibility and re-endothelialization by immobilized heparin and substrate topography

“…Most previous studies focused on enhancing EC attachment and growth on various modified material surfaces; however, little attention has been paid to the competitive growth of ECs over SMCs in vivo [23,26]. Recent studies demonstrated that the competitive ability of ECs over SMCs played a more important role than the quantity of ECs in the formation of a pure and confluent endothelial layer in vivo, which is essential for preventing restenosis [9,10]. Herein, our study demonstrates for the first time that immobilized heparin can empower the strong competitive ability of ECs over SMCs.…”

“…Several researchers have successfully enhanced re-endothelialization via various surface modification approaches [2][3][4][5][6][7]. However, the clinical results have been unsatisfactory [8], which may be attributed to the ignorance of competitive growth of endothelial cells (ECs) over SMCs in vivo [9,10]. Therefore, there remains an urgent need for developing multifunctional stent/graft materials, which are able to improve the blood compatibility, favor rapid re-endothelialization and enhance the competitive ability of ECs over SMCs.…”

Mulberry polyphenols induce cell cycle arrest of vascular smooth muscle cells by inducing NO production and activating AMPK and p53

“…Therefore, MPEs trigger a cascade of events in VSMCs (including iNOS production, increased release of NO, activation of AMPK, p53 and p21, and inhibition of p-Rb activity) all resulting in cell cycle arrest. It was reported that a coating of gallic acid-plasmapolymerized allylamine (GA-PPAam) on stents can inhibit VSMCs proliferation and enhance endothelialization (Yang et al, 2014). Previous studies have shown that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) treatment can suppress proliferation and migration of VSMCs and platelet-mediated thrombosis.…”