Gallium Analogue of Soluble Prussian Blue KGa[Fe(CN)₆]·nH₂O: Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential Biomedical Applications

Abstract

The gallium analogue of the soluble Prussian blue with the formula KGa[Fe(CN)6]·nH2O is synthesized and structurally characterized. A simple aqueous synthetic procedure for preparing nanoparticles of this novel coordination polymer is reported. The stability, in vitro ion exchange with ferrous ions, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake of such nanoparticles coated with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) are investigated for potential applications of delivering Ga(3+) ions into cells or removing iron from cells.

Incorporation of gallium-68 into the crystal structure of Prussian blue to form K68GaxFe1−x[Fe(CN)6] nanoparticles: toward a novel bimodal PET/MRI imaging agent

“…30 To test the adaptability of this synthetic method for preparing Ga-(III)-Fe(III) PB solid solutions, a bulk sample of KGa 0.05 Fe 0.95 [Fe(CN) 6 ] was prepared by reacting an aqueous solution containing 0.9 mM Fe(NO 3 ) 3 and 0.1 mM Ga(NO 3 ) 3 with an aqueous solution of 1 mM K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] at room temperature. Upon mixing the two solutions, a deep-blue colloidal solution immediately formed.…”

“…These findings are consistent with the previous observations that the NPs of the parent compounds KFe[Fe(CN) 6 ] and KGa[Fe(CN) 6 ] are nontoxic to cells. 30 …”

“…4H 2 O exhibit no cytotoxicity and can be internalized by cells, albeit they are diamagnetic, and do not function as an MRI contrast agent. 30 In this publication, we describe the synthesis and characterization of both bulk and nanoparticulate forms of KGa x Fe 1-x [Fe(CN) 6 ] (0≤x≤1) solid solutions. We found that such solid solutions possess superb thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness.…”

Inorganic Nanoparticles: Innovative Tools for Antimicrobial Agents

“…By contrast, bulk Ga 2 O 3 did not create any inhibition zone. They also presented good photocatalytic properties of thissemiconductorwithabandgapof4.9eV,butphotocatalysiswasnotresponsibleforthe observed antibacterial action, since the test was performed in dark and Ga 2 O 3 nanoparticles cancreatereactiveoxygenspecies(onlyOH•radicals)onlyunderdirectvisiblelightillumination [101].AntibacterialactivitywasshownalsoforGaNnanoparticles(50nm) [102] and anti-biofouling activity was observed towards S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida.AnotherstudyaboutanewGa(III)deliverysystemintheformofKGa [Fe(CN) 6 ]/PVP NPs(averagesizeof15nm)waspublished,whichdemonstratedtheirverygoodbiocompatibilitywithHeLacellsuntilatleast1.1mMconcentration,theirmostprobableendocytotic penetration into the cells and untargeted distribution in the cytoplasm, and in vitro exchange ofGa(III)byFe(III)fromFe(II)suggestingtheirabilitytosequesterFe(II)andconsequently releaseGa(III) [103].AveryrecentstudyoneutecticGaInalloynanoparticles(averagesize around100nm)hasalsoshowntheirlowin vitrocytotoxicityagainstHeLacellsforatleast 21mg/L(0.2mMGa)concentrationandendocytosis,fusionanddegradationoftheeutectic…”

Large-scale synthesis of monodisperse Prussian blue nanoparticles for cancer theranostics via an “in situ modification” strategy

“…Furthermore, functional ions (Mn 2+ , Gd 3+ , or Bi 3+ ) can be adopted into PB structure, while retaining PB's intrinsic performance and simultaneously endowing it with other properties useful in MRI and computed tomography. 11,12,[25][26][27][28] However, there still remains the challenge of the poor dispersible stability of PB nanoparticles in physiological environments; 29 several efficient strategies to combat this have been reported. 29 The classical synthesis of PB nanoparticles is based on the two iron raw materials: Fe 2+ (or Fe 3+ ) salt and [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3-(or [Fe(CN) 6 ] 4-) salt.…”