Galvanic Coupling Transmission in Intrabody Communication: A Finite Element Approach

Callejón, M. Amparo; Reina‐Tosina, Javier; Naranjo-Hernández, David; Roa, Laura M.

doi:10.1109/tbme.2013.2289946

Cited by 67 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In order to reduce computational cost for low frequency problems COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3 employs a solver called AC/DC module that is based on Electro-Quasi-Static assumptions. Indeed it solves a current continuity equation problem using the FEM given voltage boundary conditions as described in equation system (1). It is worth recalling that quasi-static assumptions are a good approximation if the observation distance is at least ten times lower than the wavelength.…”

Section: A Quasi-static Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, HBC does not radiate meaning that it does not require an additional antenna, reducing the size of the device, and prevents eavesdropping since direct contact with the body is strictly required. Most of the academic studies about HBC channel modeling are focused on body-surface communications [1], [10], leading IEEE to include HBC as a Physical layer in IEEE 802.15.6 standard for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). From the dawn of HBC communication, several studies have been performed in order to characterize the human body as a communication channel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Human Body Communication Channel Characterization for Leadless Cardiac Pacemakers

Maldari

Amara

Rattalino

et al. 2018

2018 25th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS)

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Leadless Cardiac Pacemaker (LCP) devices are the cutting edge technology for cardiac rhythm management. An LCP requires to communicate with an external programmer and with different LCP nodes placed in different heart chambers. Human Body Communication (HBC) is an ultra-low power telemetry that exploits body conduction properties to propagate signals. There is a lack of studies in the literature about intra cardiac HBC channel characterization. Channel modeling is fundamental to prototype transceivers able to link different LCP devices. Quasi-Static Simulations based on Finite Element Method (FEM) have been used to characterize all HBC channels involved in LCP telemetry. A very accurate 3D model of a Human Torso has been designed and used to characterize HBC attenuation levels in a frequency range between 40 KHz and 20 MHz. This kind of approach will help to minimize animal trials for a more durable and optimized development.

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Section: A Quasi-static Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Body Communication Channel Characterization for Leadless Cardiac Pacemakers

Maldari

Amara

Rattalino

et al. 2018

2018 25th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS)

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“…In the IBC receiving terminal model, Z c represents the coupling impedances between the receiving electrodes and the skin of subject B, and Z r represents the input impedance of the receiver in the IBC receiving terminal model [23,25]. …”

Section: Circuit Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Modeling and Simulation of the Galvanic Coupling Intra-Body Communication via Handshake Channel

Li¹,

Song²,

Li³

et al. 2017

Sensors

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Intra-body communication (IBC) is a technology using the conductive properties of the body to transmit signal, and information interaction by handshake is regarded as one of the important applications of IBC. In this paper, a method for modeling the galvanic coupling intra-body communication via handshake channel is proposed, while the corresponding parameters are discussed. Meanwhile, the mathematical model of this kind of IBC is developed. Finally, the validity of the developed model has been verified by measurements. Moreover, its characteristics are discussed and compared with that of the IBC via single body channel. Our results indicate that the proposed method will lay a foundation for the theoretical analysis and application of the IBC via handshake channel.

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“…Owing to the fact that the human body is a complex organism composed of multiple tissue layers, it is hard for IBC studies to establish an effective equivalent model of local portions of the body or the whole body. The existing approaches of human body channel modeling mainly include the electromagnetic field numerical method [5, 6], the equivalent circuit model method [7, 8] and the phantom model method [9, 10]. Based on the appropriately constructed models, the human body channel transmission characteristics aim at optimizing the communication frequency and signal amplitude by comparing simulation with the in vivo experiment results, which provide a theoretical basis for the design of an IBC transceiver.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A five-layer concentric cylinder equivalent to the human arm was designed by Callejón et al [5], and when a 1 mA alternating current was injected to the body, the current density distribution of each tissue layer was studied. Swaminathan et al [12] analyzed the signal distribution at specific parts surrounding the excitation area along with the period of exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical exposure analysis of galvanic-coupled intra-body communication based on the empirical arm models

et al. 2018

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BackgroundIntra-body communication (IBC) is one of the highlights in studies of body area networks. The existing IBC studies mainly focus on human channel characteristics of the physical layer, transceiver design for the application, and the protocol design for the networks. However, there are few safety analysis studies of the IBC electrical signals, especially for the galvanic-coupled type. Besides, the human channel model used in most of the studies is just a multi-layer homocentric cylinder model, which cannot accurately approximate the real human tissue layer.MethodsIn this paper, the empirical arm models were established based on the geometrical information of six subjects. The thickness of each tissue layer and the anisotropy of muscle were also taken into account. Considering the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines, the restrictions taken as the evaluation criteria were the electric field intensity lower than 1.35 × 104 f V/m and the specific absorption rate (SAR) lower than 4 W/kg. The physiological electrode LT-1 was adopted in experiments whose size was 4 × 4 cm and the distance between each center of adjoining electrodes was 6 cm. The electric field intensity and localized SAR were all computed by the finite element method (FEM). The electric field intensity was set as average value of all tissues, while SAR was averaged over 10 g contiguous tissue. The computed data were compared with the 2010 ICNIRP guidelines restrictions in order to address the exposure restrictions of galvanic-coupled IBC electrical signals injected into the body with different amplitudes and frequencies.ResultsThe input alternating signal was 1 mA current or 1 V voltage with the frequency range from 10 kHz to 1 MHz. When the subject was stimulated by a 1 mA alternating current, the average electric field intensity of all subjects exceeded restrictions when the frequency was lower than 20 kHz. The maximum difference among six subjects was 1.06 V/m at 10 kHz, and the minimum difference was 0.025 V/m at 400 kHz. While the excitation signal was a 1 V alternating voltage, the electric field intensity fell within the exposure restrictions gradually as the frequency increased beyond 50 kHz. The maximum difference among the six subjects was 2.55 V/m at 20 kHz, and the minimum difference was 0.54 V/m at 1 MHz. In addition, differences between the maximum and the minimum values at each frequency also decreased gradually with the frequency increased in both situations of alternating current and voltage. When SAR was introduced as the criteria, none of the subjects exceeded the restrictions with current injected. However, subjects 2, 4, and 6 did not satisfy the restrictions with voltage applied when the signal amplitude was ≥ 3, 6, and 10 V, respectively. The SAR differences for subjects with different frequencies were 0.062–1.3 W/kg of current input, and 0.648–6.096 W/kg of voltage input.ConclusionBased on the empirical arm models established in this paper, we came to conclusion that the frequ...

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Galvanic Coupling Transmission in Intrabody Communication: A Finite Element Approach

Cited by 67 publications

References 28 publications

Human Body Communication Channel Characterization for Leadless Cardiac Pacemakers

Human Body Communication Channel Characterization for Leadless Cardiac Pacemakers

The Modeling and Simulation of the Galvanic Coupling Intra-Body Communication via Handshake Channel

Electrical exposure analysis of galvanic-coupled intra-body communication based on the empirical arm models

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