“…21st century skills include critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and communication skills that are key to success in the work environment (Suharyat et al, 2023;Suryono et al, 2023;Tajudin et al, 2019;Judijanto et al, 2023). In addition, digital skills, information literacy, and other abilities are also important aspects that students must master in facing the 21st century (Kuloğlu &;Karabekmez, 2022;Elfira et al, 2023;Nurdiana et al, 2023). In this context, education is not only about memorizing facts or theories, but more about preparing students to apply knowledge in real situations, solve complex problems, innovate, and adapt to change (Saputri et al, 2019).…”