Gambir, “Gambir Sarawak” and toad venom

Lim, Wendy J.L.; Yap, Angeline T.W.; Mangudi, Merula; Hu, Charmaine Y.; Yeo, Cheryl Y.Y.; Eyo, Z.W.; Chia, Sarah X.W.; Chan, Kar‐Weng

doi:10.1002/dta.2034

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The significance of this misrepresentation was that these particular products originate from glandular secretions collected from Bufo gargarizans Cantor and Bufo melanostictus Schneider. These toad venoms, known for their use in Chinese medicine, contain a variety of compounds with highly toxic properties, thus, exposing the user of the misrepresented Gambir product to potential poisoning by bufadienolides and other components detected by the authors …”

Section: Misrepresentation and Adulteration Of Folk Medicines And Diementioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing the challenges in forensic drug chemistry

Brandt

Kavanagh

2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Section: Misrepresentation and Adulteration Of Folk Medicines And Diementioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing the challenges in forensic drug chemistry

Brandt

Kavanagh

2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…[6,42] Besides morphology as an inevitable indicator of herb quality, chemical composition plays a significant role in quality evaluation of medicinal plants. [6,42] Besides morphology as an inevitable indicator of herb quality, chemical composition plays a significant role in quality evaluation of medicinal plants.…”

Section: Multi-origin Medicinal Herbs Need Comprehensive Quality Evalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When it comes to authenticating and evaluating multi-origin medicine, it is essential to develop a sophisticated and extensive quality assessment system in the interest of public health and safety. [6,42] Besides morphology as an inevitable indicator of herb quality, chemical composition plays a significant role in quality evaluation of medicinal plants. Therefore, a comprehensive yet representative chemical profile should be considered, involving multiple marker compounds.…”

Section: Multi-origin Medicinal Herbs Need Comprehensive Quality Evalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative evaluation of chemical profiles of three representative 'snow lotus' herbs by UPLC‐DAD‐QTOF‐MS combined with principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses

Chen

Zhu

Tang³

et al. 2016

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Herbal healthcare products are used worldwide as relatively safe and effective alternatives to allopathic drugs. Saussurea laniceps Hand.-Mazz. (SL), S. medusa Maxim. (SM) and S. involucrata (Kar. et Kir.) Sch.Bip. (SI) are three sources of the renowned 'snow lotus', Chinese materia medica for treating inflammatory diseases. The three species have different therapeutic effects, among which SL has been proved to be the most potent, but they are frequently confused on the market and in the academic community. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS) method was developed and used to analyze 49 herbal samples for species analysis and overall quality evaluation. With 25 simultaneously identified constituents, of which 12 were quantified, the three herbs showed different chemical profiles. Four-dimensional principle component analysis (4D-PCA) and orthogonal hierarchical cluster analysis (2D-HCA) results illustrated that SL should be grouped away from SM and SI, contradicting the botanical record in Flora of China. The present chemical determination and pattern recognition results directly explain the therapeutic potency of SL and distinguish the three confused snow lotus herbs. Furthermore, the findings suggest a possible extensive quality evaluation model for multi-origin medicinal plants and help monitor falsification of snow lotus herbal products on the market, contributing to a more regulated pharmaceutical industry. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…The chemical constituents of toad venom mainly include bufadienolides, indole alkaloids, sterols, polysaccharides, amino acids, and organic acids, among which bufadienolides and indole alkaloids are considered to be the main active ingredients [ 6 – 8 ]. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that toad venom possesses a multitude of pharmacological activities, including antitumor, cardiac, antibacterial, and analgesic activities effects [ 4 , 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological Effects of Cinobufagin

2023

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Cinobufagin (CBF) is a bufadienolide, which is a major active ingredient of toad venom. In recent years, CBF has attracted increasing attention due to its highly potent and multiple pharmacological activities. To better understand the status of research on CBF, we collated recent studies on CBF to provide a valuable reference for clinical researchers and practitioners. According to reports, CBF exhibits extensive pharmacological properties, including antitumor, analgesic, cardioprotection, immunomodulatory, antifibrotic, antiviral, and antiprotozoal effects. Studies on the pharmacological activity of CBF have mainly focused on its anticancer activity. It has been demonstrated that CBF has a therapeutic effect on liver cancer, osteosarcoma, melanoma, colorectal cancer, acute promyelocytic leukemia, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, multiple myeloma, gastric cancer, and breast cancer. However, the direct molecular targets of CBF are currently unknown. In addition, there are few reports on toxicological and pharmacokinetic of CBF. Subsequent studies focusing on these aspects will help promote the development and application of CBF in clinical practice.

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Gambir, “Gambir Sarawak” and toad venom

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Addressing the challenges in forensic drug chemistry

Addressing the challenges in forensic drug chemistry

Comparative evaluation of chemical profiles of three representative 'snow lotus' herbs by UPLC‐DAD‐QTOF‐MS combined with principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses

Pharmacological Effects of Cinobufagin

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