“…Recent studies (summarized in Table 1) have investigated impulse buying cross-different settings, such as restaurants (Hyun, Han, and Kim 2016), online shopping (Rezaei et al 2016), casinos (Prentice and Wong 2016), and destinations (Li, Deng, and Moutinho 2015). The findings mainly include two parts: external factors such as price (Jo et al 2022; Meng et al 2019), atmosphere (Lin and Chen 2013), and social factors (Su and Lu 2018) that stimulate impulse buying, and internal factors like individual traits, perceptions, and emotions (e.g., Chih, Wu, and Li 2012; Ho, Lam, and Lam 2019; Yi and Jai 2020) that reveal how tourists react to the external stimulations. Identifying these factors provides valuable insights for understanding tourists’ impulse buying behavior.…”