Gametogenesis, gametes and zygotes: An ecological perspective on sexual reproduction in the algae

Brawley, Susan H.; Johnson, Ladd E.

doi:10.1080/00071619200650241

Cited by 114 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 122 publications

(121 reference statements)

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“…For example, critical daylengths for photoperiodic responses are shorter at lower temperatures in some seaweeds (reviewed by Dring 1974), and photoperiodic responses are restricted to certain temperatures in others (Maggs andGuiry 1987, Hales andFletcher 1990). Such interactions precisely synchronize the timing of reproduction (Brawley and Johnson 1992). In the present study, the onset of receptacle formation in autumn was not altered by warming and elevated CO 2 , either singly or in combination.…”

Section: Reproduction Under Ocean Warming and Acidificationmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…In fucoid species, environmental factors not only induce reproduction but also determine the period and duration of reproduction (Mathieson et al 1976, Terry and Moss 1980, Bäck et al 1991, Andersson et al 1994. Photoperiod is the most common factor inducing reproduction in seaweeds (Santelices 1990, Brawley andJohnson 1992). For example, Fucus distichus L. and Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis formed receptacles at their apices under short-day conditions (SD, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reproductive seasonality may be a result of various abiotic factors that are used as environmental cues to induce and synchronize reproduction and/or to meet the physiological requirements for reproduction (Lüning andtom Dieck 1989, reviewed by Brawley andJohnson 1992). In fucoid species, environmental factors not only induce reproduction but also determine the period and duration of reproduction (Mathieson et al 1976, Terry and Moss 1980, Bäck et al 1991, Andersson et al 1994.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal variations of Fucus vesiculosus fertility under ocean acidification and warming in the western Baltic Sea

et al. 2017

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Ocean warming and acidification may substantially affect the reproduction of keystone species such as Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyceae). In four consecutive benthic mesocosm experiments, we compared the reproductive biology and quantified the temporal development of Baltic Sea Fucus fertility under the single and combined impact of elevated seawater temperature and pCO 2 (1100 ppm). In an additional experiment, we investigated the impact of temperature (0-25°C) on the maturation of North Sea F. vesiculosus receptacles. A marked seasonal reproductive cycle of F. vesiculosus became apparent in the course of 1 year. The first appearance of receptacles on vegetative apices and the further development of immature receptacles of F. vesiculosus in autumn were unaffected by warming or elevated pCO 2 . During winter, elevated pCO 2 in both ambient and warmed temperatures increased the proportion of mature receptacles significantly. In spring, warming and, to a lesser extent, elevated pCO 2 accelerated the maturation of receptacles and advanced the release of gametes by up to 2 weeks. Likewise, in the laboratory, maturation and gamete release were accelerated at 15-25°C relative to colder temperatures. In summary, elevated pCO 2 and/or warming do not influence receptacle appearance in autumn, but do accelerate the maturation process during spring, resulting in earlier gamete release. Temperature and, to a much lesser extent, pCO 2 affect the temporal development of Fucus fertility. Thus, rising temperatures will mainly shift or disturb the phenology of F. vesiculosus in spring and summer, which may alter and/or hamper its ecological functions in shallow coastal ecosystems of the Baltic Sea.

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Section: Reproduction Under Ocean Warming and Acidificationmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal variations of Fucus vesiculosus fertility under ocean acidification and warming in the western Baltic Sea

et al. 2017

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“…As an example, mucus might prevent damage by abrasion, forming a slippery layer on macroalgal fronds. It was also observed that some algal species (Fucales) release spores with large amounts of viscous mucus that might reduce the dispersal of spores (Brawley and Johnson 1992;Brawley et al 1999). Unfortunately, to date, the eVect of mucus on algae grazer interactions has not been experimentally tested.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species-specific defense strategies of vegetative versus reproductive blades of the Pacific kelps Lessonia nigrescens and Macrocystis integrifolia

et al. 2008

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Chemical defense is assumed to be costly and therefore algae should allocate defense investments in a way to reduce costs and optimize their overall Wtness. Thus, lifetime expectation of particular tissues and their contribution to the Wtness of the alga may aVect defense allocation. Two brown algae common to the SE PaciWc coasts, Lessonia nigrescens Bory and Macrocystis integrifolia Bory, feature important ontogenetic diVerences in the development of reproductive structures; in L. nigrescens blade tissues pass from a vegetative stage to a reproductive stage, while in M. integrifolia reproductive and vegetative functions are spatially separated on diVerent blades. We hypothesized that vegetative blades of L. nigrescens with important future functions are more (or equally) defended than reproductive blades, whereas in M. integrifolia defense should be mainly allocated to reproductive blades (sporophylls), which are considered to make a higher contribution to Wtness. Herein, within-plant variation in susceptibility of reproductive and vegetative tissues to herbivory and in allocation of phlorotannins (phenolics) and N-compounds was compared. The results show that phlorotannin and N-concentrations were higher in reproductive blade tissues for both investigated algae. However, preferences by amphipod grazers (Parhyalella penai) for either tissue type diVered between the two algal species. Fresh reproductive tissue of L. nigrescens was more consumed than vegetative tissue, while the reverse was found in M. integrifolia, thus conWrming the original hypothesis. This suggests that future Wtness function might indeed be a useful predictor of anti-herbivore defense in large, perennial kelps. Results from feeding assays with artiWcial pellets that were made with air-dried material and extract-treated Ulva powder indicated that defenses in live algae are probably not based on chemicals that can be extracted or remain intact after airdrying and grinding up algal tissues. Instead, anti-herbivore defense against amphipod mesograzers seems to depend on structural traits of living algae.

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“…In the case of T. testudinum, it is possible that the chance of pollen encountering a receptive stigma is highest at the end of the day, because female flowers only open during daylight. Thus, T. testudinum may show a certain degree of synchrony between the male and female reproductive structures to enhance fertilization, analogous to the synchronized bouts of male and female gamete release registered for various externally fertilizing marine fauna (Levitan & Petersen 1995) and macro-algae (Brawley & Johnson 1992, Clifton 1997). An alternative explanation for synchronized male anthesis at dusk may be avoidance of herbivory by fish.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchronized anthesis and predation on pollen in the marine angiosperm Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae)

Tussenbroek¹,

Wong²,

Márquez‐Guzmán³

2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Synchrony in the anthesis of male and female flowers of the hydrophilous dioecious marine angiosperm Thalassia testudinum was studied by following flower buds of 64 staminate and 34 carpellate flowers in situ during night and day to observe the timing of flower opening. Anthesis of female flowers occurred throughout the day, with a slight peak between 15:00 and 17:00 h. The time lapse between initiation of anthesis and full opening of the flowers was ∼2 to 3 h. Anthesis in male flowers was highly synchronized, and all ripe primordia initiated anthesis within 1 h at dusk at ∼18:00 h, and pollen was released within 1 to 2 h. Male flowers in anthesis, or briefly after anthesis, were a targeted food source for herbivorous fish and > 30% of the staminate flowers were consumed during our observations. The highly synchronized nocturnal pollen release is unusual for an abiotic pollinator, and we hypothesize that this may be a mechanism to ensure fertilization or, alternatively, may be a reponse to avoid pollen predation by fish.

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Gametogenesis, gametes and zygotes: An ecological perspective on sexual reproduction in the algae

Cited by 114 publications

References 122 publications

Seasonal variations of Fucus vesiculosus fertility under ocean acidification and warming in the western Baltic Sea

Seasonal variations of Fucus vesiculosus fertility under ocean acidification and warming in the western Baltic Sea

Species-specific defense strategies of vegetative versus reproductive blades of the Pacific kelps Lessonia nigrescens and Macrocystis integrifolia

Synchronized anthesis and predation on pollen in the marine angiosperm Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae)

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