“…To date, no study has proposed how or why badging could improve a universities' crisis response. However, many universities in the US and elsewhere have experimented with digital badging [1,11,17,19,29,38,81,78] and evaluated its use in courses in chemistry [16,71], computer information systems [22], software engineering [54] expository writing [31], library management [23,72], nursing [20,64,75], medicine [45,52], and teacher education [10,48]. Some college initiatives focus on developing badged portfolios that capture evidence of students' participation in internships and other co-curricular activities [5,12] Badging solutions can also support lifelong learning [12,25,53] for a wide range of constituents, including informal learners (e.g., participants in non-credit MOOCs [7,19,37]), informal learners attempting to transition to for-credit programs [38], and professional development programs [14,28,55].…”