Gammarus lacustris Harboring Polymorphus paradoxus Show Altered Patterns of Serotonin-like Immunoreactivity

Maynard, Barbara; DeMartini, Laura; Wright, William G.

doi:10.2307/3283801

Cited by 42 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…5-HT injected into uninfected G. lacustris also elicits the aberrant clinging behavior displayed by individuals infected with the acanthocephalan P. parodoxus (Helluy and Holmes, 1990). Examinations of neuronal architecture in the CNS reveal increased serotonergic immunoreactivity (staining) in gammarids infected by different acanthocephalan species, which are not in direct contact with the brain [table 3.1 in Lefèvre et al (Lefèvre et al, 2009) (see also Maynard et al, 1996;Tain et al, 2006)]. In contrast, gammarids infected with M. papillorobustus, the only parasite infecting its brain, exhibit lower serotonergic immunoreactivity in a specific optic area (Helluy and Thomas, 2003).…”

Section: Neuromodulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing mechanisms of host manipulation across host and parasite taxa

Lafferty

Shaw

2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

169

167

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SummaryParasites affect host behavior in several ways. They can alter activity, microhabitats or both. For trophically transmitted parasites (the focus of our study), decreased activity might impair the ability of hosts to respond to final-host predators, and increased activity and altered microhabitat choice might increase contact rates between hosts and final-host predators. In an analysis of trophically transmitted parasites, more parasite groups altered activity than altered microhabitat choice. Parasites that infected vertebrates were more likely to impair the hostʼs reaction to predators, whereas parasites that infected invertebrates were more likely to increase the hostʼs contact with predators. The site of infection might affect how parasites manipulate their hosts. For instance, parasites in the central nervous system seem particularly suited to manipulating host behavior. Manipulative parasites commonly occupy the body cavity, muscles and central nervous systems of their hosts. Acanthocephalans in the data set differed from other taxa in that they occurred exclusively in the body cavity of invertebrates. In addition, they were more likely to alter microhabitat choice than activity. Parasites in the body cavity (across parasite types) were more likely to be associated with increased host contact with predators. Parasites can manipulate the host through energetic drain, but most parasites use more sophisticated means. For instance, parasites target four physiological systems that shape behavior in both invertebrates and vertebrates: neural, endocrine, neuromodulatory and immunomodulatory. The interconnections between these systems make it difficult to isolate specific mechanisms of host behavioral manipulation.

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Section: Neuromodulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing mechanisms of host manipulation across host and parasite taxa

Lafferty

Shaw

2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

169

167

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“…Such an approach is particularly relevant if consistent differences in behavioural traits among individuals (i.e. behavioural types or personalities) (Dall et al, 2004) and intra-population or intra- Increased 5-HT immunoreactivity in the third thoracic ganglion of infected hosts Maynard et al, 1996 species correlations among behavioural traits (i.e. behavioural syndromes) (Sih et al, 2004) are established in hosts of manipulative parasites.…”

Section: Investigating Candidate Neuromodulatory Pathways: Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating candidate neuromodulatory systems underlying parasitic manipulation: concepts, limitations and prospects

Perrot‐Minnot

Cézilly

2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SummaryStudies addressing the functional basis of parasitic manipulation suggest that alteration of the neuromodulatory system is a common feature of manipulated hosts. Screening of the neuromodulatory system has so far been carried out by performing ethopharmacological analysis, biochemical quantification of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and/or immunocytochemistry. Here, we review the advantages and limitations of such approaches through the analysis of case studies. We further address whether the analysis of candidate neuromodulatory systems fits the current view of manipulation as being multidimensional. The benefits in combining ethopharmacology with more recent molecular tools to investigate candidate neuromodulatory pathways is also emphasized. We conclude by discussing the value of a multidisciplinary study of parasitic manipulation, combining evolutionary (parasite transmission), behavioural (syndrome of manipulation) and neuroimmunological approaches.

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“…The parasite lives in the gammarid's hemocoel, and does not physically damage the host or come into direct contact with the host's CNS [Maynard et al, 1996]. This observation suggests that the parasite uses some kind of chemical interaction to influence host behavior [Maynard et al, 1996].…”

Section: Polymorphus Paradoxus (Acanthocephala) and Its Intermediate mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulating the Modulators: Parasites, Neuromodulators and Host Behavioral Change

Adamo¹

2002

Brain Behav Evol

147

149

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Neuromodulators can resculpt neural circuits, giving an animal the behavioral flexibility it needs to survive in a complex changing world. This ability, however, provides parasites with a potential mechanism for manipulating host behavior. This paper reviews three invertebrate host-parasite systems to examine whether parasites can change host behavior by secreting neuromodulators. The parasitic wasp, Cotesia congregata, suppresses host feeding partly by inducing the host (Manduca sexta) to increase the octopamine concentration in its hemolymph. The increased octopamine concentration disrupts the motor pattern produced by the frontal ganglion, preventing the ingestion of food. Polymorphus paradoxus (Acanthocephalan) alters the escape behavior of its host, Gammarus lacustris (Crustacea), possibly through an effect on the host’s serotonergic system. The trematode Trichobilharzia ocellata inhibits egg-laying in its snail host (Lymnaea stagnalis), partly by inducing the host to secrete schistosomin. Schistosomin decreases electrical excitability of the caudodorsal cells. The parasite also alters gene expression for some neuromodulators within the host’s central nervous system. In at least two of these three examples, it appears that the host, not the parasite, produces the neuromodulators that alter host behavior. Producing physiologically potent concentrations of neuromodulators may be energetically expensive for many parasites. Parasites may exploit indirect less energetically expensive methods of altering host behavior. For example, parasites may induce the host’s immune system to produce the appropriate neuromodulators. In many parasites, the ability to manipulate host behavior may have evolved from adaptations designed to circumvent the host’s immune system. Immune-neural-behavioral connections may be pre-adapted for parasitic manipulation.

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Gammarus lacustris Harboring Polymorphus paradoxus Show Altered Patterns of Serotonin-like Immunoreactivity

Cited by 42 publications

References 9 publications

Comparing mechanisms of host manipulation across host and parasite taxa

Comparing mechanisms of host manipulation across host and parasite taxa

Investigating candidate neuromodulatory systems underlying parasitic manipulation: concepts, limitations and prospects

Modulating the Modulators: Parasites, Neuromodulators and Host Behavioral Change

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