2011
DOI: 10.1007/s10611-011-9301-x
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Gang change and evolutionary theory

Abstract: While most street gangs are temporary and disorganized, some have institutionalized, and a number of these show signs of evolving into more serious criminal enterprises, becoming more networked, technologically savvy and internationalized, less visible, more predatory and sometimes more violent. The boundaries that researchers have drawn between gangs and other types of criminal groups, particularly organized crime, are becoming blurred. Understanding why this is happening is crucial to planning effective resp… Show more

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Cited by 72 publications
(35 citation statements)
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References 58 publications
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“…Crime & Delinquency 60(4) Ayling (2011) recently examined this notion of gang change through the lens of evolutionary theory, including processes of variation, selection, and replication. Local gangs "mimic" the conventions of organized crime (Howell, 2007), for example, or become integrated through conflict with and recognition from police (Klein, 1995).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Crime & Delinquency 60(4) Ayling (2011) recently examined this notion of gang change through the lens of evolutionary theory, including processes of variation, selection, and replication. Local gangs "mimic" the conventions of organized crime (Howell, 2007), for example, or become integrated through conflict with and recognition from police (Klein, 1995).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Hagedorn, 2008) as gangs commit more crime to defend their group identity (e.g. Ayling, 2011). As Klein and Maxson, (2006) observe, "The war on gangs justifies the warring gang."…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A “gang” can reflect a territorial jurisdiction, a community, or a shared identity among a group of adolescent friends. Shared experiences of—and about—offending and victimization often form the foundation of gang identity (Ayling, 2011; Decker & Van Winkle, 1996; Fleisher, 1998; Klein, 1971, 1995; Klein & Maxson, 2006). Gangs “take on a mythic status as participants, actions, and outcomes are recounted, embellished, and retold to add to the shared history of the gang” (Pyrooz, Moule, & Decker, 2014, p. 318).…”
Section: Defining Gangsmentioning
confidence: 99%