Gap and Inequality in the Economic Income of Independent Workers in the Region of Puno-Peru and the Effect of the Pandemic, 2019–2020

Abstract

ObjectiveThis article seeks to determine the social determinants of inequality in economic income in independent workers in the Puno region in the periods 2019 and 2020.MethodsFor which the quantitative approach was used, with descriptive and correlational design, considering the multiple regression model.ResultsIt was determined that there is a very significant income gap by educational level due to the productive differential that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected all the households; there is inequality in the economic income of independent workers, since in 2019, there was a greater inequality of economic income among independent workers (Gini = 0.6142) in relation to the national level (Gini = 0.415) and in 2020, the inequality of economic income increased due to COVID-19 problem, where the Gini coefficient amounted to 0.7136 in relation to the national level (Gini = 0.431).ConclusionThe determining factors of the economic income of the independent worker in the region of Puno in the periods 2019 and 2020 are the age that explains in 5.19 and 1.72%, the level of education that explains in 20.74 and 34.86% and the sex that explains in 37 and 14.19%, respectively.

Entrepreneurship Research in Times of COVID-19: Experiences from South America

“…The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the global economy, leading to bankruptcies of small businesses, job losses, and reduced working hours [88][89][90][91][92][93]. As a result, wages have also decreased due to the government's confinement policies [94][95][96][97][98]. However, some businesses have managed to thrive and even hire staff during these difficult times, thanks to their solid foundations and strategic planning [104].…”

“…The COVID-19 pandemic has provided significant lessons for the global business community [83][84][85][86][87]. It has resulted in the bankruptcy of small businesses, leading to job losses or reduced working hours [88][89][90][91], and shorter working hours have led to lower wages [92,93] due to the confinement measures implemented by governments [94][95][96][97][98]. Only robust companies with good strategic planning have been able to continue hiring staff during this adverse scenario [99][100][101][102][103][104].…”

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