Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological and industrial applications of an important traditional Chinese medicine

Chen, Liping; Li, Maoxing; Yang, Zhiqiang; Tao, Wendi; Wang, Peng; Tian, Xiuyu; Li, Xin; Wang, Weigang

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.112829

Cited by 155 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Such alteration was similar to the lower systemic exposure of SV and SVA after oral administration of SV in NASH rats. Given that GS was majorly absorbed via passive diffusion and also a substrate of P-gp (Yu et al, 2017), it was suggested that the intestinal and hepatic histological and pharmacological alterations in NASH rats as we previously reported may also contribute to the lower systemic exposure of GS after oral administration of GJ (Li et al, 2020). However, the other possible mechanisms underlying such alteration remained uninvestigated owing to limited understanding about the GS ADME.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Consistently, the hepatic P-gp expression was not induced by the coadministration of GJ in NASH rats, which was not in accordance with the alterations in healthy rats. There were two potential explanations for such difference: one is that the systemic exposure of GS in NASH rats was lower than that in healthy rats after coadministration of SV and GJ, which may result in less potent upregulation on the expression of P-gp; the other is that the hepatic protein level of P-gp in NASH rats was much higher than that in the healthy rats (Li et al, 2020); therefore, the treatment of GJ was less likely to further up-regulate the P-gp expression. Besides, it was noticed that in NASH rats, the down-regulation on the expression of Cyp2c11 in healthy rats mediated by SV was not observed, which might be due to the lower systemic exposures of SV and SVA in NASH rats compared to that in healthy rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simvastatin (SV) is a first-line drug for the primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease and one of the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide. Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (GJ) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, and its ripe fruit has been applied in over two hundred traditional Chinese medicinal preparations for various diseases, including brain injuries during stroke rehabilitation, hepatic disorders, and acute jaundice (Zhang et al, 2006;Chen et al, 2015;Chen et al, 2020). In our pilot integrative medicine practice program for fifty stroke rehabilitation patients, elevations of ALT/AST levels were observed in four patients with symptoms related to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) who have been using SV together with herbal medicines including GJ.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disease Status–Dependent Drug–Herb Interactions: NASH Lowered the Risk of Hepatotoxicity in Rats Coadministered With Simvastatin and Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Lyu

Zhao

et al. 2021

Front. Pharmacol.

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Concurrent use of simvastatin (SV) and Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (GJ) was adopted in patients with multi-morbidity, such as stroke rehabilitation patients with NASH. Although hepatotoxicity has been reported in both of them and NASH could alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs/herbs, the interaction between SV and GJ and the related hepatotoxicity remained uninvestigated under neither healthy nor NASH condition. The current study aimed to evaluate the potential hepatotoxicity resulted from the interactions between SV and GJ in both healthy and NASH rats. Both healthy and NASH rats received two-week SV (p. o., 8.66 mg/kg, once daily) and/or GJ (p.o., 325 mg/kg, twice daily). Pharmacokinetic profiles of SV, simvastatin acid (SVA, active metabolite of SV), and geniposide (major component in GJ); hepatic Cyp2c11/Oatp1b2/P-gp expression; and biomarker levels of liver function, lipid levels, and liver histology were compared to demonstrate the interactions in rats. To explore the mechanism of the interaction-mediated hepatotoxicity, hepatic genipin-protein adduct content and iNOS/COX-1/COX-2 expressions from related groups were compared. Moreover, liver histology of healthy/NASH rats at 90 days after discontinuation of two-week GJ in the absence and presence of SV was evaluated to estimate the long-term impact of the interactions. GJ reduced the systemic exposures of SV and SVA by up-regulating the hepatic P-gp expression in healthy but not NASH rats. Meanwhile, SV increased the systemic exposure of geniposide via inhibiting the activity of P-gp in both healthy and NASH rats. Although neither SV nor GJ induced hepatotoxicity in healthy rats, their co-treatment elevated serum ALT and AST levels, which may attribute to the aggravated genipin-protein adduct formation, inflammation infiltration, and iNOS/COX-1 expressions in the liver. In NASH rats, SV and/or GJ reduced serum ALT, AST, LDL/vLDL, and TC levels via alleviating hepatic inflammation infiltration and iNOS/COX-1 expressions. Moreover, in comparison to NASH rats, more severe fibrosis was observed in the livers of healthy rats at 90 days after discontinuation of two-week SV and GJ coadministration. Although interactions between SV and GJ induced short-term and long-term liver injuries in healthy rats, NASH condition in rats could lower such risk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disease Status–Dependent Drug–Herb Interactions: NASH Lowered the Risk of Hepatotoxicity in Rats Coadministered With Simvastatin and Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Lyu

Zhao

et al. 2021

Front. Pharmacol.

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“…Gardenia ( Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) is one of about 250 species of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Its dried fructus has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries to relieve hepatic and abdominal pains with underlying anti‐phlogistic, diuretic, laxative, choleretic and homeostatic properties 1, 2 . And the fructus is also the most important source of gardenia yellow which can be utilized as natural colorant, medicine and cosmetic 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary fibers fractionated from gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) husk: structure and in vitro hypoglycemic effect

Meng

Liu

et al. 2021

J Sci Food Agric

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BACKGROUND Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) husk rich in dietary fiber is a byproduct of fructus processing, and commonly discarded as waste. The husk was fractionated by sequential extraction into four fractions: water‐soluble fiber (W‐SF), acid‐soluble fiber (Ac‐SF), alkali‐soluble fiber (Al‐SF) and insoluble residue fiber (IRF). The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in structure and in vitro hypoglycemic effect of these fibers. RESULTS Monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that the major component might be pectin for W‐SF and Ac‐SF, xylan as well as pectin for Al‐SF and cellulose for IRF. These fibers offered excellent water‐holding capacity and swelling capacity, except that IRF was only slightly swellable in water. W‐SF exhibited significantly higher capacities to adsorb glucose (2.408 mmol g−1 at a glucose concentration of 200 mmol L−1) and inhibit α‐amylase activity (29.48–49.45% inhibition rate at a concentration of 4–8 mg mL−1), probably caused by the higher viscosity and hydration properties; while Ac‐SF, Al‐SF and IRF (especially Al‐SF) were more effective in retarding the glucose diffusion across a dialysis membrane (34.97–41.67% at 20–30 min), which might be attributed to particle size and specific surface area. All the fibers could quench the intrinsic fluorescence of α‐amylase to some degree. CONCLUSIONS Dietary fiber from gardenia husk, especially W‐SF, can be used as a potential hypoglycemic ingredient in diabetic functional foods. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

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“…Gardenia jasminoides ( G. Jasminoides , ‘Zhi Zi’ in Chinese) is an evergreen shrub with fragrant white flowers, which grows in numerous regions of China and is predominantly used as an organic yellow dye ( 22 ). The fruits of G. Jasminoides are rich in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds and have been used as a dietary supplement in Chinese herbal medicine for many years to treat a variety of human diseases, including headache, fever, liver disease and hypertension ( 23 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti‑inflammatory activities of Gardenia jasminoides extracts in retinal pigment epithelial cells and zebrafish embryos

et al. 2021

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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of visual impairment in developed countries. Inflammation serves a critical role in the pathogenesis of AMD. Gardenia jasminoides is found in several regions of China and is traditionally used as an organic yellow dye but has also been widely used as a therapeutic agent in numerous diseases, including inflammation, depression, hepatic and vascular disorders, which may reflect the variability of functional compounds that are present in Gardenia jasminoides extracts (GJE). To investigate the therapeutic potential of GJE for AMD, ARPE-19 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS plus GJE. GJE significantly decreased LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. In the in vivo study, GJE inhibited CuSO4-induced migration of primitive macrophages to the lateral line in zebrafish embryos. GJE also attenuated expression of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α), NFKB activating protein ( nkap ) and TLR4 in ARPE-19 cells. The results of the present study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory potential of GJE in vitro and in vivo , and suggested GJE as a therapeutic candidate for AMD.

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Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological and industrial applications of an important traditional Chinese medicine

Cited by 155 publications

References 94 publications

Disease Status–Dependent Drug–Herb Interactions: NASH Lowered the Risk of Hepatotoxicity in Rats Coadministered With Simvastatin and Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Disease Status–Dependent Drug–Herb Interactions: NASH Lowered the Risk of Hepatotoxicity in Rats Coadministered With Simvastatin and Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

Dietary fibers fractionated from gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) husk: structure and in vitro hypoglycemic effect

Anti‑inflammatory activities of Gardenia jasminoides extracts in retinal pigment epithelial cells and zebrafish embryos

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