Gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic identification and quantification of cyclic guanosine-3?: 5?-monophosphate in maize seedlings (Zea mays)

Abstract

Gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic evidence is presented for the presence of guanosine-3': 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) in maize seedlings. The amount of cGMP (35-72 pmol g(-1) fresh weight) was quantified as a tetra-silyl derivative using gas-chromatographic detection with reference to a silylated standard of authentic cGMP. Gas-chromatographic separation of tri-silyl adenosine-3': 5'-monophosphate and tetra-silyl cGMP is demonstrated.

cGMP Is Required for Gibberellic Acid-Induced Gene Expression in Barley Aleurone.

“…Our data showing the involvement of cGMP in GA signaling in the aleurone cell are consistent with other reports of the occurrence of cGMP in plant cells (Janistyn, 1983;Newton et al, 1991;Newton and Brown, 1992) and its role in ion channel regulation (Hiroshi, 1995) and phytochrome signaling pathways (Bowler et al, 1994). cGMP has been unambiguosly identified by mass spectrometry in a wide variety of plant tissues, including cereals (Janistyn, 1983); moreover, environmental signals such as light (Brown et al, 1989) and nitric oxide (Pfeiffer et al, 1994) cause dramatic increases in the levels of cGMP in plants. In bean, for example, exposure of plants to 1 hr of white light after a 12-hr dark period caused cGMP levels to increase fourfold (Brown et al, 1989).…”

Defense gene induction in tobacco by nitric oxide, cyclic GMP, and cyclic ADP-ribose

“…If NO's mechanism of action for PAL induction is through the activation of guanylate cyclase, then treatment with NO donors or NOS should alter cGMP levels. Using a radioimmunoassay (16,18,38), cGMP levels were measured in tobacco leaves and suspension cells treated with NO-generating systems. Control levels were Ϸ5 pmol͞g FW for suspension cells and about 10 pmol͞g FW for leaves (Fig.…”

Cyclic Nucleotides and Nucleotide Cyclases in Plant Stress Responses

“…For example, in pine (Pinus densiflora) pollen, cGMP was detected at the level of 60 pmol/g fresh weight (Takahashi et al, 1978). In maize seedlings, cGMP was estimated to be between 35 and 72 pmol/g fresh weight by GC-MS (Janistyn, 1983). Concentrations of cGMP ranging from 0.4 to 20 nmol/g fresh weight were detected in roots of bean (Haddox et al, 1974).…”

“…The rather wide range in cGMP concentrations is probably due, at least in part, to the presence of interfering substances and/or secondary metabolites that may have interfered with the assays. By combining gas chromatography and mass spectrometry on maize seedlings, 35-72 pmol/g fresh weight cGMP was measured (Janistyn, 1983). It is however noteworthy that considerable increases in cGMP levels occur in response to environmental cues such as light , NO (Pfeiffer et al, 1994) or pathogen attack (Meier et al, 2009), and these increases are a pointer to the functional importance of cGMP.…”