Gas chromatography of petroleum-derived waxes and high-molecular-mass linear alcohols and acids

Ludwig, F. John.

doi:10.1016/0021-9673(95)00639-7

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…1,3 The solid block gliders mainly contain paraffin, and also SFAs, specically, not fully uorinated alkanes CH 3 (CH 2 ) n (CF 2 ) m CF 3 , where n varies from 9 to 23 and m from 3 to 11, as additives. It has previously been reported that ski wax is a petroleum based product which contains various PFAS including linear hydrocarbons with 20-80 carbon atoms and peruoroalkanes with 12-24 carbon atoms where all hydrogen atoms are substituted by uorine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has previously been reported that ski wax is a petroleum based product which contains various PFAS including linear hydrocarbons with 20-80 carbon atoms and peruoroalkanes with 12-24 carbon atoms where all hydrogen atoms are substituted by uorine. 1,3 The solid block gliders mainly contain paraffin, and also SFAs, specically, not fully uorinated alkanes CH 3 (CH 2 ) n (CF 2 ) m CF 3 , where n varies from 9 to 23 and m from 3 to 11, as additives. 2,4 The ski wax is applied to the skis using heat of approximately 130-220 C. [5][6][7][8] This process releases particles and vapors containing a blend of gaseous organouorine compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Professional ski waxers' exposure to PFAS and aerosol concentrations in gas phase and different particle size fractions

Nilsson

Kärrman

Rotander

et al. 2013

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Previous reports show that professional ski waxers have elevated blood levels of perfluorinated substances (PFAS) such as perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and are exposed to very high concentrations of PFAS in air during ski waxing. Aerosol exposure increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, and PFOA is a potential hormonal disruptor and carcinogen, and can affect the fatty acid metabolism. Animal studies have shown that 8:2 FTOH can undergo biotransformation to PFOA. For the first time, this study presents an occupational scenario of professional ski waxers who are exposed to extremely high dust levels as well as per- and polyfluorinated compounds. Personal and fixed measurements of total aerosol, inhalable and respirable fractions were performed during World Cup events 2007-2010. The occupational exposure limit (OEL) is exceeded in 37% of the personal measurements with concentrations up to 15 mg m(-3) in air. There are differences between personal and area total aerosol concentrations with levels from personal measurements twice as high as those from the area measurements. The personal levels for FTOH ranged up to 996 μg m(-3) (mean = 114 μg m(-3)) and for PFOA up to 4.89 μg m(-3) (mean = 0.53 μg m(-3)) in ENV+ sorbent samples as compared to the general exposure levels from air reaching only low ng m(-3) (<30 ng m(-3)) levels. FTOHs were not detected in aerosols but PFOA showed an average level of 12 μg m(-3) (range = 1.2-47 μg m(-3)). The ski waxers' exposure to paraffin fumes and PFAS is not in compliance with the occupational exposure standards and by far exceed the general populations' exposure. Preventive measures must be taken to minimize the exposure in this occupational group.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Professional ski waxers' exposure to PFAS and aerosol concentrations in gas phase and different particle size fractions

Nilsson

Kärrman

Rotander

et al. 2013

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Unilin alcohols have been commercially available for the past decade and are composed of hydroxyl‐group‐terminated polyethylene oligomers (oE‐OH). In this study four different average molecular weights were used: 350 (Unilin 350), 425 (Unilin 425), 550 (Unilin 550), and 700 g/mol (Unilin 700) 15, 16. The oE‐OHs have low melting points (∼100 °C) and form homogeneous mixtures with molten lactide at the polymerization temperature.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dodecanol‐end‐capped polyesters were studied by Kang,14 who found that the crystallization kinetics are greatly effected by the end group. It is known that primary alcohols containing 10–20 carbons exhibit good biodegradable properties, and they are used as surfactants 15, 16. In this study, we explored the use of alcohol‐terminated oligoethylene (oE‐OH) with four different molecular weights as macroinitiators for the ring‐opening polymerization of lactide in the presence of stannous octoate [Sn(Oct) 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oligoethylene‐end‐capped polylactides

Abayasinghe

Glaser

Prasanna

et al. 2005

J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Oligoethylene-end-capped polylactides were synthesized through the ringopening polymerization of L-lactide with alcohol-terminated oligoethylenes as macroinitiators. The polymerization of L-lactide was carried out in bulk at 130 8C in the presence of stannous octoate and primary alcohols with four different molecular weights: 350, 425, 550, and 700 g/mol. The end-capped copolymers that formed had a number-average molecular weight of approximately 40,000 (weight-average molecular weight/number-average molecular weight ¼ 1.7) according to gel permeation chromatography and were highly crystalline in comparison with the similarly formed homopolymer of L-lactide. The copolymer structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, NMR, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. This work focused on developing more crystallizable and hydrolytically stable polylactide derivatives that could potentially be used as compatibilizers in polylactide-polyolefin blends or as nucleating agents for poly(L-lactide) or other polyesters. V V C 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5257-5266, 2005

show abstract

“…The glide wax products contain petroleum-derived aliphatic hydrocarbons (HCs), perfluoro-n-alkanes (PFAs), or polyfluorinated n-alkanes (Gambaretto et al, 2003;Ludwig, 1995;Rogowski et al, 2005;Axell, 2010). The grip waxes are typically mixtures of paraffin waxes, synthetic rubber and oils, and sometimes a mixture of synthetic resins (Axell, 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Exposure Assessment of Airborne Chemical Contaminants Among Professional Ski Waxers

Freberg

Olsen

Daae

et al. 2014

The Annals of Occupational Hygiene

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Ski waxes are applied onto the skis to improve the performance. They contain different chemical substances, e.g. perfluoro-n-alkanes. Due to evaporation and sublimation processes as well as mechanically generated dust, vapours, fumes, and particulates can contaminate the workroom atmosphere. The number of professional ski waxers is increasing, but occupational exposure assessments among professional ski waxers are lacking.Objectives: The aim was to assess exposure to airborne chemical contaminants among professional ski waxers. It was also a goal to construct a ventilation system designed for ski waxing work operations.Methods: Forty-five professional ski waxers were included. Personal measurements of the inhalable and the respirable aerosol mass fractions were executed in 36 different waxing cabins using Conical Inhalable Sampler cassettes equipped with 37-mm PVC filters (5 µm) and Casella respirable cyclones equipped with 37-mm PVC filters (0.8 µm), respectively. Volatile organic components were collected using Anasorb CSC charcoal tubes. To examine time trends in exposure patterns, stationary real-time measurements of the aerosol mass fractions were conducted using a direct-reading Respicon® sampler. Results: Mean aerosol particle mass concentrations of 3.1 mg·m −3 (range: 0.2-12.0) and 6.2 mg·m

show abstract

Gas chromatography of petroleum-derived waxes and high-molecular-mass linear alcohols and acids

Cited by 10 publications

References 12 publications

Professional ski waxers' exposure to PFAS and aerosol concentrations in gas phase and different particle size fractions

Professional ski waxers' exposure to PFAS and aerosol concentrations in gas phase and different particle size fractions

Oligoethylene‐end‐capped polylactides

Occupational Exposure Assessment of Airborne Chemical Contaminants Among Professional Ski Waxers

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About