Gas detectors: achievements and trends

Sauli, F.

doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(00)01165-7

Cited by 36 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The Townsend coefficient, defined as the number of ions produced per unit path by a single electron traversing a gaseous medium, is of fundamental importance in all the discharge processes, in particular in the description of the electronic gain of gas ionization detectors [1] or plasma discharge devices [2]. Direct measurements of the Townsend coefficient are poorly reported in the literature [3,4,5,7,8], therefore the most used estimate of the Townsend coefficient is based upon a numerical solution of the Boltzmann equation [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental determination of the Townsend coefficient for Argon–CO2 gas mixtures at high fields

Auriemma

Fidanza

Pirozzi

et al. 2003

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental determination of the Townsend coefficient for Argon–CO2 gas mixtures at high fields

Auriemma

Fidanza

Pirozzi

et al. 2003

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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“…The use of multiple vertically stacked electrode layers has been previously reported, e.g., the triple GEM structure [14], [15]. This structure was operated at a lower bias field and intended to proportionately amplify charge carriers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Wireless-Enabled Microdischarge-Based Radiation Detector Utilizing Stacked Electrode Arrays for Enhanced Detection Efficiency

Eun

Gianchandani

2011

J. Microelectromech. Syst.

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This paper describes a wireless gas-based beta/ gamma radiation detector that uses an arrayed electrode structure to demonstrate a scalable path for increasing detection efficiency. The device uses an assembly of stainless-steel electrodes and a glass spacer structure within a TO-5 package. The components are manufactured by commercial micromachining methods, e.g., the electrodes are photochemically etched whereas the spacer structure is ultrasonically machined. Two different fill gases are evaluated near 760 torr-i.e., Ar and P-10. The detector diameter and height are 9 and 9.6 mm, respectively, and its weight is 1.01 g. With a 99-μCi Cs-137 source (which is a beta and gamma emitter), the detector provides > 78 cpm to a hardwired interface at a source-detector distance of 30.5 cm. Receiver operating characteristics evaluated for integration times ranging from 30 to 180 s have shown to improve with longer integration time. The estimated intrinsic detection efficiency (i.e., with the background rate subtracted) is ≈4%, as measured with the biasing arrangement described in this paper. Portable powering modules developed for these detectors are also presented. During operation, gas microdischarges between the electrodes, which are initiated by incident radiation, transmit wideband wireless signals. Wireless signaling has been demonstrated to exhibit fast transient durations on the order of tens of nanoseconds. Wireless-enabled radiation sensors are envisioned for use in rapidly deployable mobile network configurations.[2010-0362]

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“…The proportional counter is a metal container with an X-ray transparent window fixed to its side or the end. A wire is then fixed in the container in such a fashion as to insulate it, and the container is then filled to about 1 atm pressure with a noble gas (Ar, Kr, or Xe) and a small amount of a quenching gas such as methane or carbon dioxide (Saui, 2001). An electrical potential is then generated between the wire and the container in such a manner to make the wire the anode and the container the cathode.…”

Section: Gas Detectors For X-ray Powder Diffractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical Aspects

Reibenspies¹,

Bhuvanesh²

2009

Principles and Applications of Powder Diffraction

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Generation of X-rays: general concepts and terminologyX-rays are produced by the collision of high-velocity electrons with a stationary or rotating metallic target. The most useful X-rays for the home laboratory have energies between 4 and 21 keV, which relates to wavelengths of 3.1-0.59 Å (1 Å = 10 −10 m). X-rays with energy below 4 keV are readily absorbed by air, while X-rays above 21 keV will return condensed powder patterns that can be difficult to interpret.In practice, the metallic target is made of chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu) or molybdenum (Mo). These metals produce X-rays in the 4-21 keV range while providing stable heat conduction and corrosion resistance. The production of X-rays generates large quantities of heat, which must be dissipated rapidly in order to prevent the metallic targets from melting; therefore, the metals must be durable and conductive to both heat and electricity.The continuous and characteristic spectrum of X-ray radiation is produced when highvelocity electrons strike the metallic target. The continuous spectrum or Bremsstrahlung radiation is produced when the path of the electron that enters the target is altered by interactions with the metal atoms (McCall, 1982). The bending or braking action causes the electrons to lose momentum and release X-ray radiation. The Bremsstrahlung radiation displays a continuous spectrum due to the fact that not every electron will decelerate in a similar manner. The electrons that are completely stopped by the impact will release all of their energy at once, and thus produce the maximum energetic and lowest wavelength X-ray. The energy is thus described by the equation:where λ is in Å (10 −10 m) and V is the applied voltage. If one plots the intensity of the Bremsstrahlung radiation against increasing wavelength, one would etch a curve that begins at λ min and rapidly increases to a maximum of a few tenths of an Angstrom above λ min and then slowly decreases as one proceeds to longer wavelengths. The characteristic spectrum, on the other hand, is composed of sharp intensity maxima at critical wavelengths and is superimposed on the continuous spectrum. These narrow peaks are characteristic of the metal used in the target material and are associated with the Principles and Applications of Powder Diffraction. Edited

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Gas detectors: achievements and trends

Cited by 36 publications

References 44 publications

Experimental determination of the Townsend coefficient for Argon–CO2 gas mixtures at high fields

Experimental determination of the Townsend coefficient for Argon–CO2 gas mixtures at high fields

A Wireless-Enabled Microdischarge-Based Radiation Detector Utilizing Stacked Electrode Arrays for Enhanced Detection Efficiency

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