Gas explosion handbook

Bjerketvedt, Dag; Bakke, Jan Roar; Wingerden, Kees van

doi:10.1016/s0304-3894(97)81620-2

Cited by 348 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…1. Wybuchu gazu wraz z jego konsekwencjami, opracowano na podstawie [1,2] The consequences of ignition of gas escaping from the pipeline depend on whether there was an explosion or flame combustion. The explosion occurs when in a specific area gas with a specific concentration gathers (approx.…”

Section: The Consequences Of the Gas Leakmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of Failure of Gas Network Infrastructure

Urbanik¹

2016

ZNPRzBiS

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Ecology today is becoming increasingly important. Increasing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions make the search for such fuels which will not have such a negative effect on the environment as the fuel use currently -mainly coal. At present it seems that the substitute fuel can be gaseous fuels (propane-butane, methane). Their combustion is less harmful to the environment and their transport is relatively not very complicated. As it turns out, the use of gas is increasing in industry, automotive, heating systems (power plants that operate in the so-called cogeneration). The increase in demand carries continuous development of gas infrastructure, which in turn may increase probability of failure. As a conclusion of this article, taking into account all the construction disasters induced by the gas, the number of such failures is relatively small. It should be remembered, that the disaster caused by gas explosion may cause very large material and human losses. Not without significance is the impact of gas leakage, eg. of the pipeline on the environment. An example is the methane which is a greenhouse gas, less persistent in the air, but much more active than CO 2 . The article presents selected disasters associated with natural gas or propane-butane and the impact of these gases on the environment because these fuels are most commonly used in most sectors of the economy.

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Section: The Consequences Of the Gas Leakmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of Failure of Gas Network Infrastructure

Urbanik¹

2016

ZNPRzBiS

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“…These parts included the area affected by end-wall reflected compression waves (yellow shaded area in Figure 4(a)) and the area not affected by end-wall reflected compression waves (cyan shaded area in Figure 4(a)). Based on Van Wingerden coworkers, 27 three types of blast waves can occur: (1) a shock wave followed by a rarefaction; (2) a shock wave followed by a sonic compression wave and then a rarefaction wave; and (3) a sonic wave and a rarefaction wave. In this case, the blast wave belongs to category (2), as shown in Figure 4(b) and the green box in Figure 4(a).…”

Section: Basic Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

Premixed methane/air gas deflagration simulations in closed-end and open-end tubes

Hong

Lin

Zhu

2016

International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics

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The overpressures, flame velocities and flow speeds were investigated in closed-end and open-end tubes via numerical simulations. Our results suggest that the tube geometry influences the evolution of these parameters. The peak overpressure initially decreased and eventually increased with the aspect ratio in both types of tubes. The flow speed initially increased and then decreased with the propagation distance in the closed-end tube, but it increased with increasing distance in the open-end tube. Empirical equations relating the peak overpressure and the peak flow speed are presented. The flame velocities in the open-end tubes were always greater than those in the closed-end tubes, especially the maximum flame velocity. The open end promoted flame acceleration, while the closed end resulted in near-wall deceleration. The results provide a reference for future limited-space gas explosion studies.

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“…A word of interpretation here, some gases can have a lower flammable limit (LFL), the lean limit, of some specific volume percentage in air, and span a large volume concentration range until the gas is too rich to burn in air (the upper flammable limit, UFL). The flammable limits and explosive limit are used interchangeably, since a deflagration in air is considered to be an explosion (Crowl, 2003;Bjerketvedt, 1997;Drysdale, 1985). Some gases can also have a highly explosive range in air within the flammable range, that is, detonation limits.…”

Section: Monitor Setpointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen Handling and Cooling Options in High Temperature Electrolysis Plants

Sohal¹,

Herring²

2008

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Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is working on a project to generate hydrogen by high temperature electrolysis (HTE). In such an HTE system, safety precautions need to be taken to handle high temperature oxygen at ~830°C. This report is aimed at addressing oxygen handling in a HTE plant. Though oxygen itself is not flammable, most engineering materials, including many gases and liquids, will burn in the presence of oxygen under some favorable physicochemical conditions. At present, an absolute set of rules does not exist that can cover all aspects of oxygen system design, material selection, and operating practices to avoid subtle hazards related to oxygen. Because most materials, including metals, will burn in an oxygen-enriched environment, hazards are always present when using oxygen. Most materials will ignite in an oxygen-enriched environment at a temperature lower than that in air, and once ignited, combustion rates are greater in the oxygen-enriched environment. However, these hazards do not preclude the operations and systems involving oxygen. Oxygen can be safely handled and used if all the materials in a system are not flammable in the end-use environment, or if ignition sources are identified and controlled. In fact, the incidence of oxygen system fires is reported to be low with a probability of about one in one million.

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Gas explosion handbook

Cited by 348 publications

References 17 publications

Consequences of Failure of Gas Network Infrastructure

Consequences of Failure of Gas Network Infrastructure

Premixed methane/air gas deflagration simulations in closed-end and open-end tubes

Oxygen Handling and Cooling Options in High Temperature Electrolysis Plants

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