Gas movement through sea ice

Gosink, Thomas A.; Pearson, John G.; Kelley, John J.

doi:10.1038/263041a0

Cited by 88 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…We expect to be lower than because the ice acts as a physical barrier to gas exchange. The rate of gas molecular diffusion in water (Jähne et al, 1987a;King and Saltzman, 1995) is higher than gas diffusion through ice (Gosink et al, 1976;Ahn et al, 2008;Loose et al, 2011a;Lovely et al, 2015). However, the exact rate of gas diffusion through saltwater ice (and by extension the value of ) is not well constrained and likely varies based on the physical properties of the ice such as brine volume and temperature (Golden et al, 2007;Loose et al, 2011a;Zhou et al, 2013;Moreau et al, 2014;Lovely et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

Manning¹

2017

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In this thesis, I use coastal measurements of dissolved O 2 and inert gases to provide insight into the chemical, biological, and physical processes that impact the oceanic cycles of carbon and dissolved gases. Dissolved O 2 concentration and triple isotopic composition trace net and gross biological productivity. The saturation states of inert gases trace physical processes, such as air-water gas exchange, temperature change, and mixing, that affect all gases.First, I developed a field-deployable system that measures Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe gas ratios in water. It has precision and accuracy of 1 % or better, enables near-continuous measurements, and has much lower cost compared to existing laboratory-based methods. The system will increase the scientific community's access to use dissolved noble gases as environmental tracers.Second, I measured O 2 and five noble gases during a cruise in Monterey Bay, California. I developed a vertical model and found that accurately parameterizing bubble-mediated gas exchange was necessary to accurately simulate the He and Ne measurements. I present the first comparison of multiple gas tracer, incubation, and sediment trap-based productivity estimates in the coastal ocean. Net community production estimated from 15 NO -3 uptake and O 2 /Ar gave equivalent results at steady state. Underway O 2 /Ar measurements revealed submesoscale variability that was not apparent from daily incubations.Third, I quantified productivity by O 2 mass balance and air-water gas exchange by dual tracer ( 3 He/SF 6 ) release during ice melt in the Bras d'Or Lakes, a Canadian estuary. The gas transfer velocity at >90 % ice cover was 6 % of the rate for nearly ice-free conditions. Rates of volumetric gross primary production were similar when the estuary was completely ice-covered and ice-free, and the ecosystem was on average net autotrophic during ice melt and net heterotrophic following ice melt. I present a method for incorporating the isotopic composition of H 2 O into the O 2 isotope-based productivity calculations, which increases the estimated gross primary production in this study by 46-97 %.In summary, I describe a new noble gas analysis system and apply O 2 and inert gas observations in new ways to study chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

Manning¹

2017

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“…So far, there exist very few data sets of its temporal evolution, many of which focus on the CO 2 exchange at the ice-atmosphere interface using either eddy correlation techniques (Baldocchi et al, 1988;Oechel et al, 1998) or chamber techniques (Livingston and Hutchinson (1995) and references therein; see also Schrier-Uijl et al (2010) and Loose et al (2011)). This lack of data is due, to some degree, to the fact that sea ice has for a long time been regarded as an impermeable lid on the ocean (Tison et al, 2002;Bates and Mathis, 2009), despite early works that clearly demonstrated significant gas exchange through sea ice (Gosink et al, 1976). Therefore the contribution of sea ice to gas exchange has only relatively recently become a major focus of polar research (Semiletov et al, 2004), leading to a significant increase in measurement campaigns (e.g.…”

Section: Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The multiphase physics of sea ice: a review for model developers

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Rather than being solid throughout, sea ice contains liquid brine inclusions, solid salts, microalgae, trace elements, gases, and other impurities which all exist in the interstices of a porous, solid ice matrix. This multiphase structure of sea ice arises from the fact that the salt that exists in seawater cannot be incorporated into lattice sites in the pure ice component of sea ice, but remains in liquid solution. Depending on the ice permeability (determined by temperature, salinity and gas content), this brine can drain from the ice, taking other sea ice constituents with it. Thus, sea ice salinity and microstructure are tightly interconnected and play a significant role in polar ecosystems and climate. As large-scale climate modeling efforts move toward "earth system" simulations that include biological and chemical cycles, renewed interest in the multiphase physics of sea ice has strengthened research initiatives to observe, understand and model this complex system. This review article provides an overview of these efforts, highlighting known difficulties and requisite observations for further progress in the field. We focus on mushy layer theory, which describes general multiphase materials, and on numerical approaches now being explored to model the multiphase evolution of sea ice and its interaction with chemical, biological and climate systems.

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“…However, there is a growing body of evidence that sea ice exchanges CO 2 with the atmosphere. While estimating permeation constants of sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) and CO 2 within sea ice, Gosink et al (1976) stressed that sea ice is a permeable medium for gases. These authors suggested that gas migration through sea ice could be an important factor in winter ocean-atmosphere exchange at sea-ice surface temperature above 210uC.…”

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confidence: 99%

Biogas (CO₂, O₂, dimethylsulfide) dynamics in spring Antarctic fast ice

Delille

Jourdain

Borges

et al. 2007

Limnology & Oceanography

141

190

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We studied the temporal variations of CO 2 , O 2 , and dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentrations within three environments (sea-ice brine, platelet ice-like layer, and underlying water) in the coastal area of Adélie Land, Antarctica, during spring 1999 before ice breakup. Temporal changes were different among the three environments, while similar temporal trends were observed within each environment at all stations. The underlying water was always undersaturated in O 2 (around 85%) and oversaturated in CO 2 at the deepest stations. O 2 concentrations increased in sea-ice brine as it melted, reaching oversaturation up to 160% due to the primary production by the sea-ice algae community (chlorophyll a in the bottom ice reached concentrations up to 160 mg L 21 of bulk ice). In parallel, DMS concentrations increased up to 60 nmol L 21 within sea-ice brine and the platelet ice-like layer. High biological activity consumed CO 2 and promoted the decrease of partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ). In addition, melting of pure ice crystals and calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) dissolution promoted the shift from a state of CO 2 oversaturation to a state of marked CO 2 undersaturation (pCO 2 , 30 dPa). On the whole, our results suggest that late spring land fast sea ice can potentially act as a sink of CO 2 and a source of DMS for the neighbouring environments, i.e., the underlying water or/and the atmosphere.Sea ice covers about 7% of Earth's surface at its maximum seasonal extent, representing one of the largest biomes on the planet. For decades, sea ice was assumed to be an impermeable and inert barrier for air-sea exchanges of CO 2 , and global climate models did not include CO 2 exchanges between this compartment and the atmosphere. However, there is a growing body of evidence that sea ice exchanges CO 2 with the atmosphere. While estimating permeation constants of sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) and CO 2 within sea ice, Gosink et al. (1976) stressed that sea ice is a permeable medium for gases. These authors suggested that gas migration through sea ice could be an important factor in winter ocean-atmosphere exchange at sea-ice surface temperature above 210uC. More recently, uptake of atmospheric CO 2 over sea-ice cover has been reported (Semiletov et al. 2004;Delille 2006;Zemmelink et al. 2006) supporting the need to further investigate pCO 2 dynamics in the sea-ice realm and related CO 2 fluxes.Very few studies have been carried out on the dynamics of the carbonate system within natural sea ice. They have generally been aimed at investigating CaCO 3 precipitation or dissolution (Gleitz et al. 1995), or they have focused on measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) (Anderson and Jones, 1985;Rysgaard et al. 2007) rather than on pCO 2 . As pointed out by 1 Corresponding author (Bruno.Delille@ulg.ac.be).

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Gas movement through sea ice

Cited by 88 publications

References 4 publications

Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

The multiphase physics of sea ice: a review for model developers

Biogas (CO₂, O₂, dimethylsulfide) dynamics in spring Antarctic fast ice

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Gas movement through sea ice

Cited by 88 publications

References 4 publications

Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

The multiphase physics of sea ice: a review for model developers

Biogas (CO2, O2, dimethylsulfide) dynamics in spring Antarctic fast ice

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Biogas (CO₂, O₂, dimethylsulfide) dynamics in spring Antarctic fast ice