Gas-Phase Thermolysis of a Guanidinate Precursor of Copper Studied by Matrix Isolation, Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, and Computational Chemistry

Abstract

The fragmentation of the copper(I) guanidinate [Me(2)NC(NiPr)(2)Cu](2) (1) has been investigated with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS), matrix-isolation FTIR spectroscopy (MI FTIR spectroscopy), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Gas-phase thermolyses of 1 were preformed in the temperature range of 100-800 degrees C. TOF MS and MI FTIR gave consistent results, showing that precursor 1 starts to fragment at oven temperatures above 150 degrees C, with a close to complete fragmentation at 260 degrees C. Precursor 1 thermally fragments to Cu((s)), H(2)(g), and the oxidized guanidine Me(2)NC(=NiPr)(N=CMe(2)) (3). In TOF MS experiment, 3 was clearly indentified by its molecular ion at 169.2 u. Whereas H(2)(+) was detected, atomic Cu was not found in gas-phase thermolysis. In addition, the guanidine Me(2)NC(NiPr)(NHiPr) (2) was detected as a minor component among the thermolysis products. MI thermolysis experiments with precursor 1 were performed, and species evolving from the thermolysis oven were trapped in solid argon at 20 K. These species were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. The most indicative feature of the resulting spectra from thermolysis above 150 degrees C was a set of intense and structured peaks between 1600 and 1700 cm(-1), an area where precursor 1 does not have any absorbances. The guanidine 2 was matrix-isolated, and a comparison of its FTIR spectrum with the spectra of the thermolysis of 1 indicated that species 2 was among the thermolysis products. However, the main IR bands in the range of 1600 and 1700 cm(-1) appeared at 1687.9, 1668.9, 1635.1, and 1626.6 cm(-1) and were not caused by species 2. The oxidized guanidine 3 was synthesized for the first time and characterized by (1)H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. A comparison of an FTIR spectrum of matrix isolated 3 with spectra of the thermolysis of 1 revealed that the main IR bands in the range of 1600 and 1700 cm(-1) are due to the presence of 3. The isomers exhibit the NMe(2) group cis or trans to the iPr group, with cis-3 being significantly less stable than trans-3. At higher temperature secondary thermal fragments had been observed. For example at 700 degrees C, TOF MS and MI FTIR data showed that species 2 and 3 both eliminate HNMe(2) to give the carbodiimides iPrNCNiPr (CDI) and iPrNCN[C(=CH(2))Me] (4), respectively. A DFT study of the decomposition of compound 1 was undertaken at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory employing dispersion-correcting potentials (DCPs). The DFT study rationalized both carbodiimide deinsertion and beta-hydrogen elimination as exergonic decomposition pathways (DeltaG = -44.4 kcal/mol in both cases), but experiment showed beta-hydrogen elimination to be the favorable route.

Mechanism for the Atomic Layer Deposition of Copper Using Diethylzinc as the Reducing Agent: A Density Functional Theory Study Using Gas-Phase Molecules as a Model

“…Coyle el al. 6 have described a similar type of reaction in a DFT and FTIR study. Simple precursors like copper chloride with hydrogen as the reducing agent have been computed by Per et al 7 , both in the gas phase and also over a copper (111) surface.…”

Surface Chemistry of Copper(I) Acetamidinates in Connection with Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) Processes

“…Analogous chemistry has also been proposed for the gas-phase chemistry of a related copper guanidimate compound. 13 A more recent report on the surface chemistry of copper(I)-N,N'-di-sec-butylacetamidinate on SiO 2 shows a cleaner surface chemistry, with initial adsorption occurring via displacement of one of the ligands at a surface hydroxide site. 14 According to that work, subsequent exposure to molecular hydrogen leads to the hydrogenation of most of the remaining N,N'-di-secbutylacetamidinates to free N,N'-di-sec-butylacetamidine vapor.…”

Modeling Mechanism and Growth Reactions for New Nanofabrication Processes by Atomic Layer Deposition

“…[ 77 ] Related precursors, Cu guanidinates, are computed with DFT to assess which isomer is preferred and what fragmentation pathways are followed during gas-phase thermolysis. [ 78 ] We study the adsorption of copper dimethylamino-2-propoxide (Cu(dmap) 2 ) on copper surfaces as the fi rst step of the ALD process using van der Waals (vdW) inclusive DFT for values with two decimal places, the oxidation state is: I for groups 1 and 11, II for groups 2, 4-10 and 12, III for groups 3 and 13, and IV for group 14. Non-metals (including semi-metals) and elements without signifi cant natural abundance are shown in white.…”