“…Besides generating new perm-selective barriers in an MMM, which may ideally demonstrate a synergistic performance (Gin and Noble, 2011), embedding of inorganic materials also tends to enhance the resulting membrane structural properties such as thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability (Luo et al, 2016;Cheng et al, 2018;Ursino et al, 2018). Herein, we present several MMM approaches which have explored improvement of the GS performance of low-permeability PIs (those of less than 25 Barrer for CO 2 permeability), such as diallyl phthalate (DAP) (Alaslai et al, 2016), BTDA-DAPI (Knebel et al, 2016;Castro-Muñoz and Fila, 2019), 3,3 ′ -diamino diphenyl sulfone (DDS) (Liu et al, 2002), 1,5-naphthalene diamine (NDA) (Wang et al, 2002), oxydianiline (ODA) (Xiao et al, 2007;Nik et al, 2012), m-phenylenediamine (m-PDA) (Alaslai et al, 2016;Heck et al, 2017), and 3,3 ′ -hydroxy-4,4 ′ -diamino biphenyl (HAB) (Gleason et al, 2015). To date, several types of micro-and nano-structured materials have been incorporated into low-permeability PIs, including zeolites (e.g., silicalite-1, SAPO-34, zeolite A, ZSM-5, zeolite-13X, and zeolite-KY), porous titanosilicates, mesoporous silica (e.g., , nonporous silica, activated carbon, aluminophosphates (AlPO), carbon-based materials (e.g., nanotubes and carbon molecular sieves), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [e.g., UiO-66, zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-7 and ZIF-8, MOF-5 and MOF-177, MIL-96 and MIL-100, Cu 3 (BTC) 2 , Cu-TPA, Cu-BPY-HFS, and Zn(pyrz) 2 (SiF 6 )], lamellar materials (JDF-L1 and SAMH-3), graphene-based materials (e.g., reduced graphene oxide), and some other materials with crystalline structures (such as MgO, TiO 2 , covalent organic frameworks) (Wei et al, 2013;Fang et al, 2014;Seoane et al, 2015;Martin-Gil et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2017;Castro-Muñoz et al, 2018a, 2019b.…”