Gases Liberated from Explosions Initiated by Impact

Robertson, A. J. B.; Yoffe, A. D.

doi:10.1038/161806a0

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…For many years scientists have been working hard to understand why some materials are so sensitive to impact, whereas others are not. Robertson and Yoffe believed that impact‐initiated explosions are thermal decomposition processes 2, which is substantiated by later researches 3, 4. It is generally accepted that hot spots play dominant roles in the initiation process 3–7.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Quantum Chemistry Derived Criteria for Impact Sensitivity

Chen

Xiao

2014

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Energetic materials are a special and important kind of substance. Impact sensitivity, which refers to the vulnerability to explosion under external stimuli, measures the safety and reliability of an energetic material and is a critical property. Various efforts have been made to rationalize the impact sensitivity of different types of energetic materials. Since a chemical explosion is a chemical reaction dominated phenomenon, a comprehensive understanding of such explosive processes requires detailed information of chemical bonding and molecular interaction. Quantum chemistry provides a modern theory of chemical bonding and computational quantum chemistry is a powerful tool to investigate chemical phenomena. Even at the very beginning of computational quantum chemistry, researchers in the field of energetic materials have begun to apply quantum chemistry to explosive properties. In this paper we review the quantum chemistry studies on impact sensitivity and examine various quantum chemistry derived parameters used to rationalize the impact sensitivity ordering of various energetic materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Quantum Chemistry Derived Criteria for Impact Sensitivity

Chen

Xiao

2014

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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“…The less energetic primaries, which on initiation go over rapidly to stable Chapman-Jouguet detonations, do far more severe damage than the more powerful secondary explosives. In addition, while products of C-J-detonations of C-H-N-0 explosives are primarily water, nitrogen, and the carbon analyses of products if impact explosions show relatively large amounts of nitrogen oxides and simple organic molecules like formaldehyde (5). This indicates that impact explosions of secondary explosives are phenomena which more closely resemble relatively low temperature thermal decompositions than detonations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship of Impact Sensitivity with Structure of Organic High Explosives. II. Polynitroaromatic explosives

Kamlet

Adolph

1979

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

362

236

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Impact sensitivities of organic high explosives are primarily functions of the rates of the thermal decomposition processes taking place in the temperature regimes generated under the impact hammer. For classes of explosives with similar decomposition mechanisms, there appear to be statistically significant linear relationships (sensitivity/composition trends) between logarithmic 50% impact heights and values OB100, a measure of oxidant balance. In addition, it is shown that polynitroaromatic explosives containing a C‐H linkage alpha to the aromatic ring are more sensitive as a class than explosives lacking such a linkage. These results are consistent with the finding that products of thermal decomposition of TNT indicate a preferred site of inter‐ and intramolecular oxidative attack to be at the alpha C‐H linkage.

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“…More detailed studies on the decomposition kinetics of hexogen and octogen were carried out in 1948 ± 1949. 27,28 The decomposition rates of hexogen were measured in the gas phase, melts and solutions in dicyclohexyl phthalate and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. The decomposition of octogen was studied both in vapour and in the solid state.…”

Section: The Mechanism Of Decomposition Of Hexogen and Octogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chain reaction begins with the reactions of the free radical 3 and NO 2 , which are generated in the first step of decomposition, with the solvent [reactions (26) and (27)]. The reaction ( 26) is preferable, since it is more exothermic than the reaction ( 27) by nearly 40 kJ mol 71 .…”

Section: Romentioning

confidence: 99%