Gastric Cancer Epidemiology: Current Trend and Future Direction

Abstract

Gastric cancer (GC) is a significant global public health problem. It is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality despite its decline in incidence since the past five decades. The incidence of GC varies between regions, and this heterogeneity is attributed to multi-factors, including infectious, environmental, and genetic traits. Most of the GC cases are linked to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Understanding the etiology, epidemiology, and risk factors of GC is necessary for the prevention and targeted treatment of the disease. In this study, we synthesized published studies, including data from the “International Agency for Research on Cancer GLOBOCAN” to narratively provide an updated overview of the recent global trends, etiology, known risk factors, pathogenesis, hallmarks, treatment, and prevention of GC. One area that significantly advanced GC research was understanding the mechanisms by which H. pylori colonizes humans and mediates physiological, microbiological, immune, and histologic features of the gut. However, there are still gaps present in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of GC.

Intersectional analysis of intimate partner violence against Nigerian nurses in the United States

“…There are examples of how some men resorted to violence when they perceived a loss of control. For example, “As an African man, Azubuike expects unilateral control over his wife's assets, unfortunately as things didn't go as planned for Azubuike he shot and killed his wife in cold blood” (Iwu, 2020, para. 3).…”

“…The findings indicated that Nigerian women are fatally affected by violence within intimate relationships (Ezekwesili [Nigeria Info FM], 2019; Iwu, 2020; Ladepo, 2014). The patriarchal norms and power imbalances inherent in traditional gender roles, viewed through the African feminist lens (Mikell, 1997; Tripp et al., 2011), play a significant role in the occurrence of IPV among Nigerian nurses.…”

“…To address the research questions and gain an in‐depth understanding of IPV experiences, we collected data from online media platforms and discussion forums that documented the reported cases of and opinions on IPV involving Nigerian nurses in the US. We analyzed primary sources including ten media articles and commentaries, namely Agu (2010), Chop Naija Kitchen (2018), Ezekwesili [Nigeria Info FM] (2019), Iwu (2020) Kperogi (2010), Ladepo (2014), Nnabugwu (2016), Nwoye (2017), Ojo (2020), and Oluwagbemi (2016). These sources provided rich qualitative data that shed light on the unfortunate IPV experiences of Nigerian nurses and the contextual factors influencing the perpetration of IPV.…”

Prospects of liquid biopsy in the prognosis and clinical management of gastrointestinal cancers

“…Among all GI tract cancers, colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, with mortality rates gradually decreasing due to improved treatments and early detection ( Siegel et al, 2023b ). Stomach or gastric cancer (GC), while experiencing a decrease in incidence in many regions, still presents significant mortality rates influenced by the stage of diagnosis and treatment accessibility ( Iwu and Iwu-Jaja, 2023 ). The global incidence of esophageal cancer varies, with mortality rates often high due to late-stage detection ( Joseph et al, 2022 ).…”

Proteomic Characterization of a Lunasin-Enriched Soybean Extract Potentially Useful in the Treatment of <i>Helicobacter pylori </i>Infection

“…The immune response raised by H. pylori infection induces a chronic inflammatory response that is associated with gastric cancer, being the strongest risk factor for the development of this disease [9]. Classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a class I carcinogen, the pathogen is correlated with 80% of gastric cancer cases [10,11]. For this reason, eradicative treatment has been indicated.…”